Exosomal cargos modulate autophagy in recipient cells via different signaling pathways

Abstract

Vesicular system of mammalian cells is composed of two intracellular and extracellular vesicles systems, which contributes to the intra/intercellular communication and cellular homeostasis. These systems mediate transferring of biological molecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids inside the cytoplasm, and between the cells. By the present study, authors describe molecular crosslink between exosome biogenesis and autophagy and take a certain focus on the autophagic cargos of exosomes and signaling pathways involved in exosome-induced autophagy in target cells and vice versa. Autophagy the generation of double-phospholipid vesicles, is a process that engulfs damaged proteins and organelles, share molecular similarity and function synergy with exosomes biogenesis for degradation or exocytosis of certain cargo. Exosomes, the smallest subtype of extracellular vesicles, originating from the membrane of the multivesicular body located inside cells demonstrate key roles in the intracellular and intercellular communication. Growing evidence demonstrates the interaction between exosome biogenesis and autophagy both at intertwined molecular pathways and crossbred vesicles known as amphisomes. Crosstalk between exosome biogenesis and autophagy contributes to maintain cellular homeostasis under external and internal stresses. Moreover, these processes can modulate each other via different signaling pathways. Exosomes contain autophagic cargos that induce autophagy via the cascade of molecular events in target cells, which called here exosome-induced autophagy. Taken together, crosstalk between exosome biogenesis and autophagy plays pivotal roles in cell homeostasis. Shedding light on the interaction between endomembrane systems may promote our knowledge about the relation between exosome and autophagy pathways in lysosome-related disorders against treatments; proposing a theoretical approach for therapy.

Exosomes: Emerging implementation of nanotechnology for detecting and managing novel corona virus- SARS-CoV-2

“…On uptake of exosomes, the delivery of exosomal cargo to recipient cells occurs and thus promotes the susceptibility of the recipient cell for virus infection. Besides, it has been confirmed that CD9 molecules participate in the entry of the protein-protein network in the MVBs membrane within exosomes [82] and thus favourably affect the loading of COVID-19 viral proteins. It was found that there is an increase in circulating exosomes that contain lung-associated self-antigens, viral antigens as well as 20S proteasome in coronavirus infections.…”

Synergistic Effects of Milk-Derived Exosomes and Galactose on α-Synuclein Pathology in Parkinson’s Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

“…Notably, exosome release is inhibited by sustained activation of mTORC1, leading to intracellular accumulation of CD63-positive exosome precursors, whereas inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin or nutrient and growth factor deprivation stimulates exosome release, which occurs concomitantly with autophagy [ 104 ]. Exciting research focuses on the crosstalk between exosome biogenesis and autophagy that plays pivotal roles in cell homeostasis, which is disturbed in neurodegenerative diseases [ 105 , 106 ].…”

Autophagy and Exosomes Relationship in Cancer: Friends or Foes?

“…An intricate relationship among autophagy and the exosome biogenesis ( Figure 1A ) occurs at different stages ( Buratta et al, 2020 ; Hassanpour et al, 2020 ; Salimi et al, 2020 ). If in some cellular contexts autophagy and exosome production act at the same time to counter cellular stress ( Kumar et al, 2014 ), in other circumstances the two processes can compensate each other.…”