Exosome-Based Smart Drug Delivery Tool for Cancer Theranostics

Abstract

Exosomes are the phospholipid-membrane-bound subpopulation of extracellular vesicles derived from the plasma membrane. The main activity of exosomes is cellular communication. In cancer, exosomes play an important rolefrom two distinct perspectives, one related to carcinogenesis and the other as theragnostic and drug delivery tools. The outer phospholipid membrane of Exosome improves drug targeting efficiency. . Some of the vital features of exosomes such as biocompatibility, low toxicity, and low immunogenicity make it a more exciting drug delivery system. Exosome-based drug delivery is a new innovative approach to cancer treatment. Exosome-associated biomarker analysis heralded a new era of cancer diagnostics in a more specific way. This Review focuses on exosome biogenesis, sources, isolation, interrelationship with cancer and exosome-related cancer biomarkers, drug loading methods, exosome-based biomolecule delivery, advances and limitations of exosome-based drug delivery, and exosome-based drug delivery in clinical settings studies. The exosome-based understanding of cancer will change the diagnostic and therapeutic approach in the future.

Exosome and epithelial–mesenchymal transition: A complex secret of cancer progression

“…Exosome research transforms cancer‐associated liquid biopsy. TEXs are a promising source of cancer biomarkers 15 . TEXs regarding molecule signature in cancer, if we clearly understand that, may open a new therapeutic era for cancer.…”

“…In the drug delivery process, exosomes are a more efficient tool for targeting cancer. 15 Exosome research transforms cancer-associated liquid biopsy. TEXs are a promising source of cancer biomarkers.…”

“…Exosome‐related miRNA‐34 inhibits oesophageal cancer regarding oncogenic cellular signalling. In the drug delivery process, exosomes are a more efficient tool for targeting cancer 15 . Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)‐derived exosomes loaded (incubation method) Doxorubicin drug inhibits pancreatic cancer cell proliferation.…”

Fluorescence labeling of extracellular vesicles for diverse bio-applicationsin vitroandin vivo

“…6,7 They transfer biospecies including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids that originated from mother cells, which then mediate cell-to-cell communication locally or at a distance either by stimulating surface receptors of recipient cells or by releasing cargos into receiving cells through membrane fusion or uptake. 8,9…”

“…6,7 They transfer biospecies including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids that originated from mother cells, which then mediate cell-to-cell communication locally or at a distance either by stimulating surface receptors of recipient cells or by releasing cargos into receiving cells through membrane fusion or uptake. 8,9 A large quantity of studies has verified the vital roles of EVs in modulating physiological processes, as well as affecting pathological functions. Typically, abundant release of EVs can be induced by cells in the abnormal state such as cancer.…”