Exosomes and Their Therapeutic Potentials of Stem Cells

Abstract

Exosomes, a group of vesicles originating from the multivesicular bodies (MVBs), are released into the extracellular space when MVBs fuse with the plasma membrane. Numerous studies indicate that exosomes play important roles in cell-to-cell communication, and exosomes from specific cell types and conditions display multiple functions such as exerting positive effects on regeneration in many tissues. It is widely accepted that the therapeutic potential of stem cells may be mediated largely by the paracrine factors, so harnessing the paracrine effects of stem and progenitor cells without affecting these living, replicating, and potentially pluripotent cell populations is an advantage in terms of safety and complexity. Ascending evidence indicated that exosomes might be the main components of paracrine factors; thus, understanding the role of exosomes in each subtype of stem cells is far-reaching. In this review, we discuss the functions of exosomes from different types of stem cells and emphasize the therapeutic potentials of exosomes, providing an alternative way of developing strategies to cure diseases.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: New Opportunity in Cell-Free Therapy

“…90 MSC-DEs have low immunogenicity capacity rather than MSCs 66, 91 and have no infection risks. In addition, there is the risk of ectopic differentiation of MSCs after systemic infusion; 92 hence, exosome-based therapy can be a good replacement for mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy soon.…”

Emerging Role of Exosomes in the Joint Diseases

“…3). Clinical and animal studies demonstrated the efficacy of MSC therapies and the importance of MSC paracrine secretion in various diseases [27,28]. Cosenza et al injected MSC-derived exosomes into a collagenase-induced OA model and found that it protected mice from joint damage [29].…”

“…2, 3). Studies suggest that the therapeutic effect of stem cells largely depends on their paracrine actions [27,28]. Exosomes secreted from stem cells carry critical, biologically active contents that have disease intervention potential [46,47].…”

“…Exosomes secreted from stem cells carry critical, biologically active contents that have disease intervention potential [46,47]. In addition, stem cells can excrete more exosomes than other cells and these exosomes are easier to culture and collect in vitro [27]. Therefore, stem cell-derived exosomes will be popular parental cells in the future.…”

Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes, Autophagy, Extracellular Matrix Turnover, and miRNAs in Cardiac Regeneration during Stem Cell Therapy

“…These MVBs fuse with the plasma membrane releasing intraluminal vesicles into the extracellular matrix in the form of exosomes (163-165). They are present as extracellular space as vesicles (163). The diameter of exosome range from 30-120 nm.…”