Exosomes: Fighting Cancer With Cancer

Abstract

Exosomes are nanovesicles secreted by many cells, including cancer cells. Extensive research has been carried out to validate potential applications of exosomes and to evaluate their efficiency in a wide range of diseases, including cancer. The current knowledge on the origin, biogenesis and composition of exosomes is described. This review then focusses on the use of exosomes in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.

Mucosal and systemic immune responses following mucosal immunisation of tetanus toxoid entrapped in lipid nanoparticles prepared by microwave reactor

“…These LNP had a greater range of sizes, most likely due to a lack of homogenisation step to reduce the PDI. The range of sizes was within that expected from previous reports in the literature [24][25][26][27][28][29]. Confirmation of these sizes was achieved using SEM, which showed spherical particles and the mean sizes were not significantly different from those determined by DLS or previously reported [30,31].…”

Niosome-encapsulated balanocarpol: compound isolation, characterisation, and cytotoxicity evaluation against human breast and ovarian cancer cell lines

“…These features are also most likely to effect balanocarpol activity as one phenolic hydroxyl (potential hydration point) has been converted to the heterocyclic oxygen of the benzofuran ring system while another phenolic and the carbinol are sterically hindered by the para-hydroxyphenyl ring attached to the cycloheptyl ring (Figure 3). Balanocarpol has been reported to be able to induce poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, indicating that it inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in the cells at a high concentration (100-300µM) (37). It also directly down-regulates sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1) expression and reduces DNA synthesis at the same concentration (12).…”

Characterisation of niosome nanoparticles prepared by microfluidic mixing for drug delivery

“…3 ) indicates clearly that the type of surfactants used will significantly affect the percentage of atenolol encapsulation. This variation in drug loading is related to the differences in the HLB value of each surfactant that influences the drug EE of the particular niosomes ( Bhardwaj et al, 2020 ; Abdelkader et al, 2014 ; Alyamani et al, 2019 ; Aljabali et al, 2019 ). This has been reported extensively in the literature where changing the type of surfactant or phospholipid in liposome preparations will significantly affect the percentages of drug loading ( Obeid et al, 2020b ; Gregoriadis, 1973 ; Jain and Jain, 2016 ; Gonzalez Gomez and Hosseinidoust, 2020 ; Maritim et al, 2021 ; Aljabali et al, 2020 ).…”