Exosomes in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy of ischemic stroke

Abstract

Ischemic stroke is one of the major contributors to death and disability worldwide. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop early brain tissue perfusion therapies following acute stroke and to enhance functional recovery in stroke survivors. The morbidity, therapy, and recovery processes are highly orchestrated interactions involving the brain with other tissues. Exosomes are natural and ideal mediators of intercellular information transfer and recognized as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis. Changes in exosome contents express throughout the physiological process. Accumulating evidence demonstrates the use of exosomes in exploring unknown cellular and molecular mechanisms of intercellular communication and organ homeostasis and indicates their potential role in ischemic stroke. Inspired by the unique properties of exosomes, this review focuses on the communication, diagnosis, and therapeutic role of various derived exosomes, and their development and challenges for the treatment of cerebral ischemic stroke.

Exosomes in Reperfusion Injuries: Role in Pathophysiology and Perspectives as Treatment

“…Several well-known proteins that play a significant role in ischemia-reperfusion can be encapsulated within exosomes [42]. One way to study proteins around pathophysiology or as biomarkers of kidney disease is the study of urinary exosomes.…”

Exosomes in brain diseases: Pathogenesis and therapeutic targets

“…288 Macrophage-derived exosomes loaded with curcumin have an antioxidant capacity, which can target cerebral ischemic areas, reduce ROS accumulation, inhibit mitochondria-mediated neuronal apoptosis, and positively affect I/R therapy. 289 The content of exosomes and their contents also changes when IS occurs, 290 and involved in the pathophysiological progression of IS, contribute to the diagnosis of the disease. 291 Stem cell-derived exosomes play an important role in the treatment of stroke models.…”

“…The content of exosomes and their contents also changes when IS occurs, 290 and involved in the pathophysiological progression of IS, contribute to the diagnosis of the disease. 291 Stem cell–derived exosomes play an important role in the treatment of stroke models.…”

Insight into extracellular vesicles in vascular diseases: intercellular communication role and clinical application potential

“…MicroRNAs (MiRNAs) and proteins are the most commonly studied molecules. MiRNAs, with an approximate length of 18–25 nucleotides, are classified as small non-coding RNA [ 29 ]. It modulates the expression of downstream target genes in recipient cells by binding to the mRNA transcript 3′ untranslated regions (3′ UTRs) of the target gene [ 30 ].…”