Exosomes‐mediated crosstalk between glioma and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment

Abstract

Gliomas are malignant tumors originating from the central nervous system and are characterized clinically by high morbidity, mortality, high infiltrating, and poor prognosis. 1,2 The main treatments for glioma are direct surgical resection, radiotherapy, and temozolomide chemotherapy. [3][4][5][6][7] Gliomas are classified as astrocytic, oligodendroglial, and ventricular canal tumors based on their malignancy and phenotype. [8][9][10] Diffuse gliomas can be further typed as astrocytic, oligodendroglial, or rare mixed oligodendroglial-astrocytic of World Health Organization (WHO) grade II (low grade), III (anaplastic), or IV (glioblastoma).According to the WHO histological classification, gliomas are classified as WHO grade I-IV, with glioblastoma, a WHO grade IV glioma, accounting for approximately 45% of malignant brain tumors. 11,12 The pathogenesis of glioma remains unclear, with tumorigenesis resulting from a combination of environmental and genetic factors.The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of tumor cells and surrounding components. 13,14 It includes innate and adaptive immune cells (T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes), mesenchymal fibroblasts, and vascular and lymphatic vessel networks. Various chemokines secreted through autocrine or paracrine make up the TME. [15][16][17] Alterations in the microenvironment affect tumorigenesis and progression. The immune cell is fundamental in determining the fate of cancer and its invasiveness and metastatic capacity. 18,19 The clinical outcome of cancer patients is interrelated to the composition of immune cells that infiltrate tumors. 20,21

Machine learning unveils immune-related signature in multicenter glioma studies

“…The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is also determined by the interaction of the respective molecular biological states of the tumor. 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 Interestingly, a systemic immunodeficiency has been found in glioma patients, 26 while glioma can induce an immune response. 27 , 28 The prognosis of gliomas has been associated with the presence of immune cells in the TME.…”

Current Photodynamic Therapy for Glioma Treatment: An Update

“…The glioma tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of stromal cells, tumor components, and innate and adaptive immune cells, and these cells, along with the extracellular matrix, regulate and communicate intracellularly to promote TME formation. The immune microenvironment plays an important role in the development of glioma [14]. Patients with glioma are usually diagnosed at the symptomatic stage of the disease [15].…”