Expandable Graphite, Aluminum Diethylphospinate and Melamine Polyphosphate as Flame Retarding System in Glass Fiber-Reinforced PA6

Tomiak, Florian; Schoeffel, Angelina; Rathberger, Klaus; Drummer, Dietmar

doi:10.3390/polym14061263

Cited by 14 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…A V2 classification was reached due to burn breaking and subsequent flame extinguishing at the remaining sample. Similar values have been reported in the literature [ 50 , 51 , 52 ]. Materials which exceed oxygen indices of >35% usually achieve a V0 classification in UL-94 V fire tests.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The decomposition behavior of non-β-RC PA6 containing expandable graphite (EG) has been widely studied in the literature [ 50 , 51 , 52 ]. When a critical temperature is reached, incorporated EG acts solely through expansion and residue formation, providing a thermally stable and voluminous heat barrier on the sample surface.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The following chapter focuses on differences in the fire behavior found for flame-retardant non- and β-RC PA6 formulations. All flame-retardant additives tested are commercially available and have been extensively studied in the literature (MC [ 46 , 47 , 78 ], EG [ 50 , 51 , 52 , 79 ], AlPi [ 74 , 75 ], and IFR [ 80 ]). Thus, where appropriate, literature for further information is presented.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Impact of β-Radiation Crosslinking on Flammability Properties of PA6 Modified by Commercially Available Flame-Retardant Additives

Tomiak

Drummer²

2022

Polymers

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A comparative study was conducted investigating the influence of β-radiation crosslinking (β-RC) on the fire behavior of flame retardant-modified polyamide 6 (PA6). In order to provide a comprehensive overview, a variety of commercially available flame-retardant additives were investigated, exhibiting different flame retarding actions such as delusion, char formation, intumescence and flame poisoning. This study focused on the identification of differences in the influence of β-RC on fire behavior. Coupled thermal gravimetrical analysis (TGA) and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to conduct changes within the decomposition processes. Dynamic thermal analysis (DTA) was used to identify structural stability limits and fire testing was conducted using the limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical UL-94 and cone calorimeter testing. Crosslinking was found to substantially change the fire behavior observed, whereas the observed phenomena were exclusively physical for the given formulations studied: warpage, char residue destruction and anti-dripping. Despite these phenomena being observed for all β-RC formulations, the impact on fire resistivity properties were found to be very different. However, the overall fire protection properties measured in UL-94 fire tests were found to deteriorate for β-RC formulations. Only β-RC formulations based on PA6/EG were found to achieve a UL-94 V0 classification.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Impact of β-Radiation Crosslinking on Flammability Properties of PA6 Modified by Commercially Available Flame-Retardant Additives

Tomiak

Drummer²

2022

Polymers

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“…Due to its solely physical effect, EG can be used in various polymeric systems, e.g., polyethylene-PE, polypropylene-PP, polystyrene-PS, polyvinylchloride-PVC, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene-ABS, polyamide 6-PA6 [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Expandable Graphite Flakes on the Flame Resistance of Oak Wood

et al. 2022

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One of the strategies to improve the fire resistance of wood is to use flame retardants. It would be best to find an ecological, nonhalogenated flame retardant to improve the fire protection properties. In this work, oak wood (Quercus robur L.) samples were treated with an aqueous solution of sodium silicate and expandable graphite flakes, which were applied to different parts of the samples: only on the top, on the sides and together on the top and sides of samples. The fire characteristics of samples were studied by a non-standard test method—a radiant heat source test which is used to determine the mass loss and ignition time of the tested samples (50 mm × 40 mm × 10 mm), and the measurement was carried out using a visual recording of a thermal camera. The results of the laboratory test method showed a significant positive effect of the application of the retardant treated only on the top and together on the top and the sides of the samples in terms of decreasing the mass loss and the course of temperature. When we treated only the sides of the sample, the results were closer to the untreated samples, so there was more than 80% weight loss and a significant temperature increase. The results demonstrated that the appropriate modification of the wood using sodium silicate and expandable graphite flakes has the potential to reduce the loss of mass by 79% and reduce the rise in temperature on the surface of the sample.

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“…In recent years, with the increasing awareness of environmental protection, researchers have gradually focused on developing and applying environmentfriendly halogen-free flame retardants, such as melamine polyphosphate (MPP), 5,6 melamine cyanurate (MCA), [7][8][9][10][11] ammonium polyphosphate (APP), 12,13 and aluminum diethylhypophosphate (ADP), 14,15 to increase the flame retardant properties of polyamide. Especially, the composite flame retardant system constructed by ADP can endow polyamide with excellent flame retardant properties.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Alloying synergistic flame retardant effect improving fire resistance and mechanical properties of polyamide 6

Qian

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The alloying synergistic flame retardant effect was studied by using polyetherimide (PEI) and aluminum diethylphosphinate (ADP) for polyamide 6 (PA6), which can endow PA6 composites with excellent mechanical properties and flame retardancy simultaneously. On the one hand, because the molecular structures of PEI and PA6 are similar, adding PEI with PA6 can form PEI‐PA6 alloy by the hydrogen bond effect and nice homogeneous phase, which can endow PA6 composites with excellent mechanical properties. On the other hand, the test results of flame retardancy show that 9ADP/10PEI‐PA6 composite can obtain higher LOI value (LOI = 31%), and excellent flame retardant rating (UL94 V‐0) with 9%ADP and 10%PEI. From the results of cone calorimetry test, the pk‐HRR and THR of 9ADP/10PEI‐PA6 are reduced by 24.4% and 24.7%, respectively, compared to PA6, and higher char residue rate was obtained, which shows that ADP combined with PEI‐PA6 alloying exerts an excellent flame retardant synergistic effect. Through the study of flame retardant mechanism found that ADP works together with PEI can effectively increase the quenching effect in the gas phase, promote thermal stability, and delay the decomposition process of PA6 matrix during the combustion process. Meanwhile, it also increases the char yield to exert a synergistic effect in the condensed phase by ADP/PEI‐PA6. The residual char rate reached 36.6%, higher than neat PA6 about 4.6 wt.%. Thus, the alloying flame retardant method using ADP/PEI‐PA6 can endow PA6 with better flame retardancy and more excellent mechanical properties. Importantly, it provides a new direction for developing high‐performance halogen‐free flame retardant materials.

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Expandable Graphite, Aluminum Diethylphospinate and Melamine Polyphosphate as Flame Retarding System in Glass Fiber-Reinforced PA6

Cited by 14 publications

References 42 publications

The Impact of β-Radiation Crosslinking on Flammability Properties of PA6 Modified by Commercially Available Flame-Retardant Additives

The Impact of β-Radiation Crosslinking on Flammability Properties of PA6 Modified by Commercially Available Flame-Retardant Additives

Effect of Expandable Graphite Flakes on the Flame Resistance of Oak Wood

Alloying synergistic flame retardant effect improving fire resistance and mechanical properties of polyamide 6

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