Expanded peripheral CD4+CD28null T cells and its association with atherosclerotic changes in patients with end stage renal disease on hemodialysis

CD28null and Regulatory T Cells Are Substantially Disrupted in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease Due to Diabetes Mellitus

“…Immune disorders and clinical consequences gradually progress during the deterioration of renal function towards reaching ESRD, and they are characterized by an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, infections, and malignancies, leading to increased morbidity and mortality [8][9][10]. Changes in white-cell count and their subtypes are evident, but alterations in T-cell subpopulations seem to play a prominent role in the development of long-term clinical complications [11,12]. Three different molecules on T cells are primarily affected, namely, CD28, FoxP3, and CD25 in ESRD patients, leading to an increase in CD4 + CD28null and CD8 + CD28null cells, and a reduction in regulatory T (Treg) cells [11][12][13][14][15].…”

“…Changes in white-cell count and their subtypes are evident, but alterations in T-cell subpopulations seem to play a prominent role in the development of long-term clinical complications [11,12]. Three different molecules on T cells are primarily affected, namely, CD28, FoxP3, and CD25 in ESRD patients, leading to an increase in CD4 + CD28null and CD8 + CD28null cells, and a reduction in regulatory T (Treg) cells [11][12][13][14][15].…”

“…CD28 in the only costimulatory receptor constitutively expressed on naive T cells; therefore, its presence is fundamental for the initiation and maintenance of T-cell-mediated immune responses [16,17]. In chronic-inflammation situations such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus (DM), the transformation of receptor repertoire on T cells, including the loss of the CD28 molecule, results in a cell type of which the phenotype and activities resemble NK cells, called the NK-like T cell [2,10,11,18,19].…”

An overview of the innate and adaptive immune system in atherosclerosis

“…232,233 Among the patients with endstage renal disease, individuals with atherosclerosis have more CD28 null cells than those without atherosclerosis. 234 The role of Tregs in atherosclerosis CD4 + FoxP3 + regulatory T cells are a subtype of T cells which can repress immune system responses. 235 Indeed, Tregs are a subtype of T cells playing a role in inhibiting immune reactions, maintaining hemostasis, and inducing self-tolerance.…”

“…Besides, some of the CD28 null T cell subsets react to HSP60 and HSP70, two proteins that are likely to be among atherosclerosis antigens 232,233 . Among the patients with end‐stage renal disease, individuals with atherosclerosis have more CD28 null cells than those without atherosclerosis 234 …”