“…2 ). The cleavage site of the peptide substrate is N-terminus that typically have a proline (Pro) or an alanine (Ala) residue in the penultimate position between P1 and P1′ residues, while the P2 position of N- terminus of the peptide substrate acts as the recognition region [22] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] . Fig.…”
“…2 ). The cleavage site of the peptide substrate is N-terminus that typically have a proline (Pro) or an alanine (Ala) residue in the penultimate position between P1 and P1′ residues, while the P2 position of N- terminus of the peptide substrate acts as the recognition region [22] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] . Fig.…”
“…When considered as a whole, the extracellular protein degradation process in P. gingivalis is started by gingipains and ultimately reaches dipeptides mediated by DPPs with the assistance of acylpeptidyl-oligopeptidase and protyl tripeptidyl-peptidase A [8]. Nutritional polypeptides should be split apart initially into oligopeptides by endopeptidases and Lys-and Arg-gingipains at the outer membrane, and then into dipeptides by DPP-4, DPP-5, DPP-7, and DPP-11, as nutritional polypeptides are mostly integrated as dipeptides in bacterial cells [6,7]. The synthesis of energy within the bacterium is dependent upon the metabolism of amino acids, which are mostly integrated as dipeptides by the action of the proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter [12].…”
Section: Periodontal Perspective On Dpp-4 and Glp-1 ′ S Actionsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The anaerobic bacteria P. gingivalis is directly linked to inflammatory alveolar bone resorption [5]. In terms of nutrition, P. gingivalis is an asaccharolytic bacteria, meaning that its only source of carbon and energy are amino acids, which appears to be beneficial for its colonization in subgingival plaque, as most of the other bacteria favor sugar [6,7].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Human DPP4 is a multifunctional molecule that is involved in the breakdown of a wide variety of bioactive proteins and peptides as well as T-cell activation [7]. DPP-4 has been suggested as a prognostic or diagnostic marker for numerous kinds of cancers, infection with viruses, hematologic malignancies and illnesses related to the immunoinflammatory system [9,13].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…By breaking down incretin peptides including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, which stimulate the release of insulin from pancreatic β cells, DPP4 plays a crucial role in regulating postprandial hyperglycemia [6,7].…”
Periodontitis is a common condition affecting the tissues surrounding and supporting teeth. In addition to oral health concerns, periodontal disease increases the chance of developing systemic illnesses including type 2 diabetes mellitus. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a key-stone pathogen that has been linked to the pathophysiology of periodontal disease, can generate a series of dipeptide producing exopeptidases, dipeptidyl peptidases (DPP). DPP-4 levels in gingival crevicular fluid have been shown to increase during active periodontal disease, which may lead to their association with the disease’s progression. Following oral glucose administration, mice injected with DPP-4 had higher blood glucose than the control group. DPP-4 inhibitors are used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in order to extend the half-life of incretins. Elevated glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels following periodontal therapy could be considered new and applicable real-world evidence confirming the experimental findings of a beneficial interaction between oral microbiota and incretin axis. GLP-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 enhanced the osteoblast proliferation and development of these stem cells and inhibited the effects of glucose on the cells. In addition to lowering blood sugar, liraglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, also possesses anti-inflammatory and bone-protective properties. These findings support the use of GLP-1 in the management and prevention of diabetic periodontitis.
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