Expanding Monomers as Anti-Shrinkage Additives

Marx, Philipp; Wiesbrock, Frank

doi:10.3390/polym13050806

Cited by 30 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 129 publications

(140 reference statements)

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“…[80][81][82] Several monomers that can undergo chain expansion in ROP have been identified including cycloalkanes, cycloalkenes, oxacycles, benzoxazines and thiocyclic derivatives. 77,83,84 For example, with volume expansion behavior observed from ring-opening reaction of spiro orthoester (SOE), 85 Miyata et al synthesized novel styrene-based monomer bearing SOE moieties (Fig. 13(A)).…”

Section: Rop and Cyclopolymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances to decrease shrinkage stress and enhance mechanical properties in free radical polymerization: a review

Fang

Guymon

2021

Polymer International

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Free radical polymerizations have been widely used for a variety of applications, including coating, packaging, adhesives, inks and dental materials. However, shrinkage stress in network systems due to volumetric shrinkage during polymerization often results in poor mechanical performance of final materials, often limiting end use. Delaying gelation during polymerization while incorporating functional structure or functionalized groups into the polymer networks may lead to significantly reduced shrinkage stress and, consequently, enhanced thermomechanical properties. In this review, we summarize several practical methods, including thiol–ene radical polymerization, addition–fragmentation chain transfer, controlled radical polymerization, covalent adaptable networks, ring‐opening polymerization and cyclopolymerization, that have shown promise in reducing volumetric shrinkage and associated stress in network‐forming systems. The resulting enhanced (thermo)mechanical material properties of these modified polymers are also introduced. These methods have proven to be powerful tools for fabricating polymers with novel functionality and properties and thereby show potential to expand application of free radical thermoset materials. © 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry.

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Section: Rop and Cyclopolymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances to decrease shrinkage stress and enhance mechanical properties in free radical polymerization: a review

Fang

Guymon

2021

Polymer International

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“…Normally, volumetric shrinkage can occur during polymerization due to the replacement of Van der Waals force by strong and short covalent bonds between two molecules. The multiplication of this replacement is responsible for the overall shrinkage in the material 34 , 35 . The longer chain molecules, PPG1000 and PPG 2000, could obstruct the crosslinking process and lead to more volumetric shrinkage of the printed resin compared to the shorter chain molecule, PPG400.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanically tunable resins based on acrylate-based resin for digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing

Pongwisuthiruchte

Dubas

Aumnate

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Until now, only a few materials are available for additive manufacturing technologies that employ photopolymerization, such as stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing systems. This study investigates a newly formulated resins as an alternative 3D printing materials with tunable mechanical properties to expand the potential applications of advanced engineering products such as wearable devices and small reactors. A commercial acrylate-based resin was selected as a standard resin (STD). The resin was formulated by combining various volume ratios of a low-cost polypropylene glycol (PPG) having various molecular weights (400, 1000, and 2000 g/mol) with the STD resin. The printability of the formulated resins was optimized using the digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing technique. The effects of the PPG contents on the properties of the printed parts were studied, including printability, thermal properties, mechanical properties, and thermo-mechanical properties. As a result, the formulated resins with 5–30%vol of PPG could be printed while higher PPG content led to print failure. Results suggest that increasing the PPG contents reduced the dimensional accuracy of the printed parts and decreased the mechanical properties, including the flexural strength, flexural modulus, impact strength, hardness, and elastic modulus. interestingly, at small loading, 5%vol, the mechanical performance of the printed specimens was successfully enhanced. These results are intriguing to use a tunable mechanical acrylate-based resin for a specific application such as a microreactor.

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“…However, the smoothness and sphericity of the particles decrease with increasing water content in the dispersed phase, as shown in Figure 11c,d. The reduced sphericity of the particles and higher surface roughness may be attributed to large volumetric shrinkage during curing, which can induce mechanical strain in the polymer [58] and surface deformations. The higher surface roughness could also be explained by the formation of a porous polymer matrix with sub-micron pore sizes [30,59].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facile Microfluidic Fabrication of Biocompatible Hydrogel Microspheres in a Novel Microfluidic Device

et al. 2022

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Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) microgels with tuneable size and porosity find applications as extracellular matrix mimics for tissue-engineering scaffolds, biosensors, and drug carriers. Monodispersed PEGDA microgels were produced by modular droplet microfluidics using the dispersed phase with 49–99 wt% PEGDA, 1 wt% Darocur 2959, and 0–50 wt% water, while the continuous phase was 3.5 wt% silicone-based surfactant dissolved in silicone oil. Pure PEGDA droplets were fully cured within 60 s at the UV light intensity of 75 mW/cm2. The droplets with higher water content required more time for curing. Due to oxygen inhibition, the polymerisation started in the droplet centre and advanced towards the edge, leading to a temporary solid core/liquid shell morphology, confirmed by tracking the Brownian motion of fluorescent latex nanoparticles within a droplet. A volumetric shrinkage during polymerisation was 1–4% for pure PEGDA droplets and 20–32% for the droplets containing 10–40 wt% water. The particle volume increased by 36–50% after swelling in deionised water. The surface smoothness and sphericity of the particles decreased with increasing water content in the dispersed phase. The porosity of swollen particles was controlled from 29.7% to 41.6% by changing the water content in the dispersed phase from 10 wt% to 40 wt%.

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Expanding Monomers as Anti-Shrinkage Additives

Cited by 30 publications

References 129 publications

Recent advances to decrease shrinkage stress and enhance mechanical properties in free radical polymerization: a review

Recent advances to decrease shrinkage stress and enhance mechanical properties in free radical polymerization: a review

Mechanically tunable resins based on acrylate-based resin for digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing

Facile Microfluidic Fabrication of Biocompatible Hydrogel Microspheres in a Novel Microfluidic Device

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