Expanding past ZIF-8: Biomimetic mineralization using other MOFs

The Promise and Potential of Metal–Organic Frameworks and Covalent Organic Frameworks in Vaccine Nanotechnology

“…173,235 While there is still plenty of scope for exploration in this area, some crucial groundwork has certainly been done to lay the foundation for future studies. 236 Mońica Gimeńez-Marqueś' group has demonstrated the encapsulation of a wide array of proteins across different isoelectric points in the iron MOF MIL-100. 237 The comparative exploration of different MOFs and COFs is valuable, even from an immunological standpoint.…”

“…ZIF-8’s lability and ease of degradation in the presence of albumin and phosphates may or may not be ideal for all vaccine applications. There is a piqued interest in exploring different MOFs and COFs that can serve a similar function to achieve a variety of pharmacokinetic profiles. , While there is still plenty of scope for exploration in this area, some crucial groundwork has certainly been done to lay the foundation for future studies . Mónica Giménez-Marqués’ group has demonstrated the encapsulation of a wide array of proteins across different isoelectric points in the iron MOF MIL-100 .…”

“…Preserving antigen integrity is crucial, so the mineralization procedures should be carried out under biofriendly conditions. While ZIF-8 is the most widely used MOF for biomimetic mineralization, recent studies have also explored optimizing biofriendly conditions for other MOFs. ,,− This section showcases various examples of encapsulating proteins, nucleic acids, spores, viruses, and bacteria under biofriendly conditions, demonstrating the broad range of vaccine models that can be developed.…”

A scalable synthesis of adjuvanting antigen depots based on metal–organic frameworks

“…The emergence of biomimetic mineralization of delicate biomaterials in a metal–organic framework (MOF) has allowed for the development of thermally and enzymatically protected biological material from numerous stressors. 24–30 Recent work has shown that the biofriendly zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8)-encapsulated vaccines promote a more robust immune response against viral nanoparticles or whole-cell bacteria when injected subcutaneously. 24,25,31–33 These results are striking, but in all cases, the vaccines used have been “self-adjuvanting” as the RNA or DNA within a virus or the lipopolysaccharides on the inactivated bacteria can induce their own strong immune response.…”

Alternative protein encapsulation with MOFs: overcoming the elusive mineralization of HKUST-1 in water

“…Thus, zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) have been the most exploited materials owing to their optimal stability and facile synthesis under these conditions. 5 Very recently, the progress of biocompatible MOF synthesis has permitted incorporating more structures on the list, 5,6 offering new chemical scenarios at the MOF-biomolecule interface.…”