Expanding the biosynthesis spectrum of hydroxy fatty acids: unleashing the potential of novel bacterial fatty acid hydratases

Abstract

Background Hydroxy fatty acids represent an emerging class of compounds with promising applications in the chemical, medicinal and functional food sectors. The challenges associated with their chemical synthesis have spurred exploration of biological synthesis as an alternative route, particularly through the use of fatty acid hydratases. Fatty acid hydratases catalyse the regioselective addition of a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group from a water molecule to the carbon–carbon cis -double bond of unsaturated fatty acids to form hydroxy fatty acids. Despite having been discovered in the early 1960s, previous research has primarily focused on characterizing single fatty acid hydratase variants with a limited range of substrates. Comprehensive studies that systematically examine and compare the characteristics of multiple variants of fatty acid hydratases are still lacking. Results In this study, we employed an integrated bioinformatics workflow to identify 23 fatty acid hydratases and characterized their activities against nine unsaturated fatty acid substrates using whole-cell biotransformation assays. Additionally, we tested a dual-protein system involving two fatty acid hydratases of distinct regioselectivity and demonstrated its suitability in enhancing the biosynthesis of di-hydroxy fatty acids. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that fatty acid hydratases can be classified into three subtypes based on their regioselectivity and provides insights into their preferred substrate structures. These understandings pave ways for the design of optimal fatty acid hydratase variants and bioprocesses for the cost-efficient biosynthesis of hydroxy fatty acids. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13068-024-02578-2.