Expanding the scope of memory search: Modeling intralist and interlist effects in free recall.

Lohnas, Lynn J.; Polyn, Sean M.; Kahana, Michael J.

doi:10.1037/a0039036

Cited by 187 publications

(362 citation statements)

References 124 publications

(297 reference statements)

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“…For example, retrieved context models (e.g., Lohnas, Polyn, & Kahana, submitted; Polyn et al, 2009) assume primacy is due to increased attention to early list items whereas recency is due to mental context states at retrieval providing strong cues for recently presented items. We return to this point in the discussion.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual differences in memory search and their relation to intelligence.

Healey¹,

Crutchley²,

Kahana³

2014

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Attempts to understand why memory predicts intelligence have not fully leveraged state-of-the-art measures of recall dynamics. Using data from a multi–session free recall study we examine individual differences in measures of recall initiation and post–initiation transitions. We identify four sources of variation: a recency factor reflecting variation in the tendency to initiate recall from an item near the end of the list, a primacy factor reflecting a tendency to initiate from the beginning of the list, a temporal factor corresponding to transitions mediated by temporal associations, and a semantic factor corresponding to semantically–mediated transitions. Together these four factors account for 83% of the variability in overall recall accuracy, suggesting they provide a nearly complete picture of recall dynamics. We also show that these sources of variability account for over 80% of the variance shared between memory and intelligence. The temporal association factor was the most influential in predicting both recall accuracy and intelligence. We outline a theory of how controlled drift of temporal context may be critical across a range of cognitive activities.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual differences in memory search and their relation to intelligence.

Healey¹,

Crutchley²,

Kahana³

2014

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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“…To a large extent this problem was solved by developing formal models of benchmark effects in a small number of laboratory paradigms. This modeling work has led to a broad consensus about many fundamental aspects of memory including the importance of context–based cues in retrieval (e.g., Bower, 1967; Davelaar et al, 2005; Estes, 1955; Farrell, 2012; Howard & Kahana, 2002a; Lohnas, Polyn, & Kahana, 2015; Mensink & Raaijmakers, 1988; Murdock, 1997; Polyn et al, 2009; Sederberg, Howard, & Kahana, 2008). We can leverage this existing computational framework to help make the complexity of the free recall aging pattern tractable.…”

Section: Our Approach To Theory Buildingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, we take the approach of implementing each of the theories within the retrieved context framework. The retrieved context framework has been extensively used to model the free recall effects outlined above in young adult samples (Howard & Kahana, 2002a; Lohnas et al, 2015; Polyn et al, 2009; Sederberg et al, 2008). The retrieved context framework provides a good test bed for at least two reasons.…”

Section: Our Approach To Theory Buildingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A four-component model of age-related memory change.

Healey¹,

Kahana²

2016

Psychological Review

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148

189

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We develop a novel, computationally explicit, theory of age–related memory change within the framework of the context maintenance and retrieval (CMR2) model of memory search. We introduce a set of benchmark findings from the free recall and recognition tasks that includes aspects of memory performance that show both age-related stability and decline. We test aging theories by lesioning the corresponding mechanisms in a model fit to younger adult free recall data. When effects are considered in isolation, many theories provide an adequate account, but when all effects are considered simultaneously, the existing theories fail. We develop a novel theory by fitting the full model (i.e., allowing all parameters to vary) to individual participants and comparing the distributions of parameter values for older and younger adults. This theory implicates four components: 1) the ability to sustain attention across an encoding episode, 2) the ability to retrieve contextual representations for use as retrieval cues, 3) the ability to monitor retrievals and reject intrusions, and 4) the level of noise in retrieval competitions. We extend CMR2 to simulate a recognition memory task using the same mechanisms the free recall model uses to reject intrusions. Without fitting any additional parameters, the four–component theory that accounts for age differences in free recall predicts the magnitude of age differences in recognition memory accuracy. Confirming a prediction of the model, free recall intrusion rates correlate positively with recognition false alarm rates. Thus we provide a four–component theory of a complex pattern of age differences across two key laboratory tasks.

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“…Instead, participants are asked whether they've seen the item in a particular episode, namely the study list. Thus, in a majority of episodic memory models, there is a context representation that defines the study list episode; the extent to which this context representation is different from prior contexts determines the extent to which participants are protected from interference from episodes prior to the study list (Dennis & Humphreys, 2001;Klein, Shiffrin, & Criss, 2007;Lohnas, Polyn, & Kahana, 2015). Although episodic memory models are often agnostic as to what defines context, a candidate explanation is the participant's cognitive and/or emotional state along with aspects of their physical surroundings.…”

Section: A Global Matching Model Of Source Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

The list strength effect in source memory: Data and a global matching model

Osth

Fox

McKague

et al. 2018

Journal of Memory and Language

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A critical constraint on models of item recognition comes from the list strength paradigm, in which a proportion of items are strengthened to observe the effect on the non-strengthened items. In item recognition, it has been widely established that increasing list strength does not impair performance, in that performance of a set of items is unaffected by the strength of the other items on the list. However, to date the effects of list strength manipulations have not been measured in the source memory task. We conducted three source memory experiments where items studied in two sources were presented in a pure weak list, where all items were presented once, and a mixed list, where half of the items in both sources were presented four times. Each experiment varied the nature of the testing format. In Experiment 1, in which each study list was only tested on one task (item recognition or source memory), a list strength effect was found in source memory while a null effect was found for item recognition. Experiments 2 and 3 showed robust null list strength effects when either the test phase (Experiment 2) or the analysis (Experiment 3) was restricted to recognized items. An extension of the Osth and Dennis (2015) model was able to account for the results in both tasks in all experiments by assuming that unrecognized items elicit guess responses in the source memory task and that there was low interference among the studied items. The results were also found to be consistent with a variant of the retrieving effectively from memory model (REM;Shiffrin & Steyvers, 1997) that uses ensemble representations.Keywords: recognition memory; source memory; global matching modelsThe list strength effect in source memory: Data and a global matching model A major distinction in episodic memory research concerns the difference between information about learned content and the context in which it occurred. A common memory failure illustrating this distinction is that people remember a fact or detail but have no memory for where they learned the information. The relationship between memory for content and context is studied in the laboratory using the item recognition and source memory paradigms. In the item recognition paradigm, participants study a list of items and at test are asked to discriminate between studied items (targets) and unstudied items (lures). The source memory paradigm presents participants with a set of items in different sources, such as different font colors, studied locations, or sensory modalities. At test, participants judge which source studied items were presented in.A number of computational models of decision making have been developed to explain the relations between item and source memory (e.g.; Banks, 2000;Batchelder & Riefer, 1990; DeCarlo, 2003;Yonelinas, 1999; Hautus, Macmillan, & Rotello, 2008; Glanzer, Hilford, & Kim, 2004;Klauer & Kellen, 2010;Slotnick & Dodson, 2005). These models fall into several frameworks including multivariate signal detection theory, in which participants make ...

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Expanding the scope of memory search: Modeling intralist and interlist effects in free recall.

Cited by 187 publications

References 124 publications

Individual differences in memory search and their relation to intelligence.

Individual differences in memory search and their relation to intelligence.

A four-component model of age-related memory change.

The list strength effect in source memory: Data and a global matching model

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