Expanding the utilization of sustainable plant products in aquafeeds: a review

Abstract

Gatlin and Barrows are Chair and Vice-chair, respectively, of the Plant Products in Aquafeeds Working Group, and coordinated the development of this document; all other authors are listed in alphabetical order. AbstractContinued growth and intensi¢cation of aquaculture production depends upon the development of sustainable protein sources to replace ¢sh meal in aquafeeds. This document reviews various plant feedstu¡s, which currently are or potentially may be incorporated into aquafeeds to support the sustainable production of various ¢sh species in aquaculture. The plant feedstu¡s considered include oilseeds, legumes and cereal grains, which traditionally have been used as protein or energy concentrates as well as novel products developed through various processing technologies. The nutritional composition of these various feedstu¡s are considered along with the presence of any bioactive compounds that may positively or negatively a¡ect the target organism. Lipid composition of these feedstu¡s is not speci¢cally considered although it is recognized that incorporating lipid supplements in aquafeeds to achieve proper fatty acid pro¢les to meet the metabolic requirements of ¢sh and maximize human health bene¢ts are important aspects. Speci¢c strategies and techniques to optimize the nutritional composition of plant feedstu¡s and limit potentially adverse e¡ects of bioactive compounds are also described. Such information will provide a foundation for developing strategic research plans for increasing the use of plant feedstu¡s in aquaculture to reduce dependence of animal feedstu¡s and thereby enhance the sustainability of aquaculture.

Performance and nutrient utilization in South American juvenile catfish Pseudoplatystoma spp. weighting 89 - 170g, fed at different energy and protein levels

“…The replacement of fish meal with alternative protein sources remains the major area of research and much has been achieved in reducing the level of fish meal in formulated diets for fish species (Gatlin et al, 2007;Kaushik and Seiliez, 2010). In this context, the use of plant ingredients is one of the scopes to improve sustainability in aquaculture (Hardy, 2010).…”

Supplementation of enzyme-treated soy protein saves dietary protein and promotes digestive and absorptive ability referring to TOR signaling in juvenile fish

“…However, the utilization of plant proteins is usually limited because of the high content of anti-nutritional factors, non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), and crude fiber (Ogunkoya et al 2006). Meanwhile, high amount of plant proteins in aquatic feeds usually leads to the depressed growth performance and severe environmental pollution (Gatlin et al 2007). Thus, it is a critical challenge to decrease the dietary protein level by guaranteeing the normal growth performance of aquatic animals and reducing the environmental pollution.…”

Advances in genomics for flatfish aquaculture

“…(Duarte et al 2009) with an estimated demand for fish meal and fish oil ranging from 50 to 70 % and 8 to 12 %, respectively (Tacon and Metian 2008). There has been some success in replacing fish meal and fish oil in commercial feeds by using plant feedstuffs in fish feeds, including oilseeds, legumes and cereal grains, which traditionally have been used as protein or energy concentrates, as well as novel products developed through various processing technologies (Day and Plascencia-González 2000;Choi et al 2004;Grisdale-Helland et al 2002;Gatlin et al 2007;Naylor et al 2009;Bengtson and Nardi 2010;Valente et al 2011). However, although important advances have been achieved in terms of percentage of protein substitution and establishment of non-lipid-rich diets without affecting growth or nutrient utilization of flatfish, further research is required to improve diets and avoid some adverse effects associated with toxic factors or unbalanced nutrients provoking hepatic damage (Valente et al 2011).…”