Expansão Da Monocultura De Eucalipto Das Indústrias De Papel E Celulose: Uma Arena De Conflitos Ambientais

Barbosa, Rodney Alves; Oliveira, Marcelo Leles Romarco de; Vilela, Kátia de Fátima; Roque, Mariane Batalha

doi:10.12957/polemica.2019.46671

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Luego de un largo y costoso proceso ante los tribunales, solo la mitad del Territorio Indígena fue restituido a las comunidades, mientras que el resto continúa siendo usado para la tala y aprovechamiento de eucalipto (Kuhlmann, Van der Mark y Baffoni, 2019). Conflictos socio-ambientales similares que involucran monocultivos de eucalipto han sido mapeados por Barbosa et al (2019), que estudió conflictos entre comunidades quilombolas e indígenas y empresas del sector de la celulosa en los Estados de Bahía y Espírito Santo.…”

Section: Relaciones Internacionalesunclassified

Title: Green bonds in the world-ecology: capital, nature and power in the financialized expansion of the forestry industry in Brazil

et al. 2021

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The 2008 financial crisis opened the doors of green capitalism as a financially sound approach to saving the planet from the worst effects of the climate emergency. The emphasis on the role of finance in promoting “green growth” has permeated mainstream political, academic and business approaches to climate change adaptation and mitigation, assuming multiple forms - from the carbon markets of the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement, to the Environmental, Social and Governance taxonomy for “green” investments, to the proliferation of sustainable labels in several economic sectors. The present article offers a critical appraisal of one of the most prominent arguments that upholds the idea that it is possible and desirable to achieve sustainability and economic growth through finance: green bonds. Green bonds are debt instruments whose proceeds are earmarked to fund projects with supposedly environmental benefits. After some years in the background, they now occupy a central position in the green recovery narrative and political framework all over the world. Most of the academic literature tends to naturalize green bonds as an eminently technical solution to reconcile economic growth and environmental sustainability. Filling an epistemological gap, the present article leverages a world-ecology approach to embed the financial phenomenon of green bonds within the broader picture of the capitalist political economy and the expansion of its ecological frontier. In light of the ongoing experiences that the authors have been following in the Brazilian legal, financial and political context, the article unpacks and makes sense of green bonds as a tool in the hands of climate finance that reproduces global patterns of North-South uneven development and the shifting of ecological costs. To test the potential of the “interpretative framework” offered by a world-ecology approach, we mobilize it in the concrete case of green bonds issuances directed to fund the forestry sector in Brazil. Aware that the current phenomenon only represents a blip in comparison to the largeer temporal (the longue dureé) and spatial (the world system) scales usually deployed by world-ecology, we nonetheless discuss how the ideological, technical and power dynamics behind the issuance of green bonds unleash capital accumulation, produce a financialized and subordinated construction of nature, and entail an institutional arrangement. The article is organized around 3 main sections. After the introduction, section 1 describes green bonds as one of the most fashionable financial topics of the moment, and one that promotes a shift in discourses towards the need of actively building a “green economy”. Although from a legal standpoint green bonds embody no significant difference from regular bonds, our focus is to describe the promises around them, the current (private) governance structure, and the trends in the issuance of these debt instruments both in the Global North and South, with a specific focus on the case of Brazil. In section 2, we look at the operations of green bonds emissions on the ground, i.e. taking as an example the context of green debt underpinning the Brazilian forestry sector. The analysis reveals how the emissions, made predominantly by large multinational companies actively present on the global market, feed off great efforts deployed by both the public and the private sector in constructing an image of the sector as a key player in the emergent “bioeconomy” and in the strengthening of Brazil’s goals in the Paris Agreement. However, we describe how green bond revenues that are officially committed to the implementation of “sustainable management of forests” are associated with the expansion of the ecological frontier in the Brazilian territory, stretching the boundaries of the area dedicated to tree plantations and amplifying social and environmental tensions. The backstage of the emissions shows how capital accumulation through green bonds is associated with the co-production of nature for the purpose of accumulation, generating concerns that are often diluted or transformed into procedural requirements. Debt generated by the subscription of green bonds, we argue, is not only financial, but also social and ecological. In section 3, we put forward that for private accumulation to be successful, green bonds in the forestry sector demand an institutional arrangement that combines state support and private governance of debt in its financial, social and ecological dimensions. Rather than being the result of an idealized and spontaneous market, a set of institutional transformations have to be considered in order to comprehend the feasibility of green bonds in the Brazilian forestry sector. We thus describe the historic connection between forestry and the state, the endless public incentives to put nature to work, the functional adaptations of the Brazilian environmental legislation and the regulation concerning the demarcation, access and use of land. In this context, we argue that green bonds add yet a new institutional layer to the process of creating and validating specific forms of nature, through a governance structure that dilutes the tensions between the promise of environmental benefits and its concrete negative social and environmental impacts. We conclude the article by reassembling these findings as part of the capitalist world ecology “dialectical unity” of capital accumulation, co-production of nature and power. We suggest that the world-ecology approach allows us to grasp green bonds as a complex form that has so far been ignored in the relevant literature. As any other phenomenon of financialization, a green bond should not be understood in isolation from its material basis, since it is from that basis – and its social and environmental conditions and contradictions – that it appropriates value. As the example of the Brazilian forestry sector illuminates, the “greenness” of the financial debt inscribed in green bonds may come into existence at the expense of the social and environmental debt that underlie the forestry sector productive model. Hence, although the explicit inclusion of “environmental concerns” into financial considerations and project implementation has been praised as a step towards the recognition that finance has a material impact on the planet and that these externalities shall be accounted for, the article warns of the typical green arithmetic move put forward by green bonds. Green bonds inevitably co-produce nature and social relations, but in a very unequal way that emphasizes capital accumulation and that does not necessarily protect the environment (even when standards are introduced). Much to the contrary, green bonds may come into being at the expense of other ways of living ecologically, and by restoring injustices of the past and creating a regenerative future - in other words, by creating debt.

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Section: Relaciones Internacionalesunclassified

Title: Green bonds in the world-ecology: capital, nature and power in the financialized expansion of the forestry industry in Brazil

et al. 2021

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“…É necessário destacar que essa região é marcada pela intensa exploração da silvicultura, também sendo classificada como floresta plantada, devido ao fato que a região do Extremo Sul da Bahia apresentar condições favoráveis para o desenvolvimento de Eucaliptus sp., sendo uma das principais causas de transformação da paisagem, afetando em diferentes contextos os meios econômicos, sociais e ecológicos (BARBOSA et al, 2019;PAIM et al, 2021;NUVOLONI;LOPES, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Apresentação

Garcia,

Ignatti,

Guimarães

et al. 2023

Iniciação Científica Na UFSB: Capítulos Selecionados Do 7º CIPCI

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Os dez capítulos aqui apresentados representam um recorte importante das pesquisas que vêm sendo desenvolvidas entre docentes e discentes da Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, em nosso Programa de Iniciação à Pesquisa, Criação e Inovação. Esses trabalhos, junto com os outros noventa também apresentados no 7º CIPCI, representam o empenho de nossa comunidade acadêmica na formação de jovens pesquisadores no âmbito da graduação, reforçando o compromisso da UFSB com o desenvolvimento regional nos campos da educação, ciência e tecnologia.

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“…Em um contexto mais amplo, esse bioma abriga o maior número de espécies endêmicas do Brasil e possui a segunda maior riqueza de táxons (MMA, 2000;MARINI e GARCIA, 2005) e no contexto internacional, apresenta uma das mais ricas avifaunas do mundo (MITTERMEIER et al, 2005). Uma dessas cidades é Teixeira de Freitas, no extremo sul da Bahia, apesar de pouco estudada em relação ao conservacionismo e biodiversidade da região, porém há trabalhos desde estudo com abelhas à diferentes impactos ambientais como nas áreas de saneamento, degradação da vegetação, economia social e vulnerabilidade ambiental (DOHLER e PINA 2017;CUNHA et al, 2010;AMORIM e OLIVEIRA 2007;BARBOSA et al, 2019;MACENA et al, 2017;GUERRA et al, 2019;ALMEIDA et al, 2020;LANA e MARCUSSI 2021). Importa enfatizar o estudo da vulnerabilidade socioambiental presente na cidade de Teixeira de Freitas, sendo presentes regiões de agressivo uso e ocupação do solo, em especial às de…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Evolução dos registros de aves silvestres, na cidade de Teixeira de Freitas-BA Uma análise sobre atitudes pró-ambientais voluntárias

Pereira¹,

Silva²

2022

Meio Ambiente E Sustentabilidade : Conceitos E Aplicações

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Introdução: Os estudos de ecologia visam analisar as relações entre as pessoas e seu ambiente. Objetivo: Assim, este estudo visa analisar ações pró-ambientais na forma de registros de aves ocorridos na cidade de Teixeira de Freitas-BA entre 2009 e 2021. Material e Métodos: Os dados de registros de aves foram coletados na plataforma WikiAves® utilizando o iltro de localização da cidade e posteriormente organizados em planilha Excel®, compreendendo o período de 2009 a 2021, em que existem ocorrência dos registros. Resultados: Ao longo do período considerado foram registradas mais de 50 aves distintas de 26 famílias, em Teixeira de Freitas. O ano com mais registros foi 2019 e os anos com menos registros 2010, 2015, 2020 e 2021. É sabido que em momentos de crise econômica, ações pró-ambientais icam em segundo plano, em detrimento da própria sobrevivência inanceira, que pode ter ocorrido em 2010 e 2015, anos de crise econômica o no Brasil. Enquanto o declínio de registros em 2020 e 2021 está intimamente relacionado à pandemia de Covid-19, que obrigou a maior parte da população a praticar o isolamento social. Conclusão: Atitudes pró-ambientais como as de registro de espécies, na referida plataforma, são uma importante contribuição para o conhecimento da avifauna da região da cidade de Teixeira de Freitas-BA. Assim, é importante o incentivo a outras atitudes próambientais, especialmente em locais com pouca estrutura técnico-cientí ica, em que grupos de observadores de aves, turismo ornitológico, atividades de educação ambiental, entre outros, podem fornecer dados básicos destes locais.

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Expansão Da Monocultura De Eucalipto Das Indústrias De Papel E Celulose: Uma Arena De Conflitos Ambientais

Cited by 5 publications

References 2 publications

Title: Green bonds in the world-ecology: capital, nature and power in the financialized expansion of the forestry industry in Brazil

Title: Green bonds in the world-ecology: capital, nature and power in the financialized expansion of the forestry industry in Brazil

Apresentação

Evolução dos registros de aves silvestres, na cidade de Teixeira de Freitas-BA Uma análise sobre atitudes pró-ambientais voluntárias

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