As a core layer of heavy haul railway subgrade, cement-stabilized expansive soil filling directly bears a hundred million times of repeated traffic load action, and its dynamic features under repeated dynamic load action determine subgrade working performances. However, relatively few studies focus on the dynamic features of cement-stabilized expansive soil by combining the load features of heavy haul railway. Under the engineering background of the stabilized expansive soil subgrade of the Menghua (Haolebaoji-Ji'an) heavy haul railway, a dynamic triaxial test under the condition of sustained vibration was conducted in this study to explore the laws of the dynamic features of cement-stabilized expansive soil under the influence of train load, including different dynamic stress values, confining pressures, and vibration frequencies. Change rules of parameters, such as dynamic strength, critical dynamic stress, dynamic elasticity modulus, and damping ratio of cement-stabilized expansive soil, were analyzed and compared with those of remolded plain expansive soil, lime-stabilized expansive soil, and coarse-particle filling. Results show the following: Compared with remolded plain expansive soil, the dynamic shear strength and modulus of cement-stabilized expansive soil increase by two to three times, and its critical dynamic stress increases by five to six times. Under the same conditions, the mean critical dynamic stress value of cement-stabilized expansive soil is 1.5-1.7 times greater than that of cement-containing coarse-particle filling, and the maximum value is 1.2 times greater than that of lime-stabilized expansive soil. Within a small strain range, the decreasing amplitude of dynamic modulus with strain reaches 70%, whereas the increasing amplitude of damping ratio is 80%. The working performance of cement-stabilized expansive soil used as subgrade filling of heavy haul railway satisfies requirements. The conclusions of this study provide a theoretical reference for the promotion and application of cement-stabilized expansive soil in practical heavy haul railway projects.