Expansion of GATT / WTO Membership and an Overview of China’s Accession to the WTO

Abstract

There have been significant changes in the GATT / WTO system, one of them is its expansion in membership. The regime has up grown from its original 22 founding members to over 140 at the turn of the 20th century. The enlargement has led to the fundamental change in the character of the regime. In the early years the GATT / WTO was perceived of by China as a “Rich Nations’ Club” or “the Club of the Rich,” in which wealthy countries imposed rules on poor and weak developing countries. By the year 2000, the WTO included a majority of developing countries, many of which are among the poorest countries of the world. Furthermore, with the inclusion of China and Russia, the WTO community included all the major nations of the world, even those that were previously uninterested in open trade and thus stayed outside the trade regime. The paper in the above context begins with a brief history of China’s accession to the WTO, including a review of China’s objectives and motivations in joining. It reviews how its entry has supported its substantial growth and further integration into the global economy in terms of trade patterns and other economic indicators such as FDI along with regulations governing IPRs in tune with the WTO obligations. A brief portrait of comparison of Chinese economy with Indian economy is also laid down because both are leading emerging market developing economies — one is the Dragon and the other the Elephant.

Presidential Address: The Art of Convergent Comparison–Case Studies from China and India

“…The two states of China and India also responded to the neoliberal ideas often advocated by multilateral financial and other agencies, such as the World Trade Organization, with new models of economic growth (Mukherjee 2019). The liberal idea of a "rational actor" free to pursue his or her interests in the marketplace is being replaced by the neoliberal idea of a citizen in whom "human capital" must be invested to develop his or her full potential (Akçali, Yanik, and Hung 2015).…”