Expansion tube nozzle design using a parallel simplex algorithm

Toniato, Pierpaolo; Gildfind, David; Jacobs, Peter A.; Morgan, Richard G.

doi:10.1007/s00193-019-00930-2

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…assuming thermochemical equilibrium at the inlet [12,41,42]. Subsequent testing yielded good results, justifying this assumption as being at least reasonable.…”

Section: Fig 1 the Expansion Tunnel And Corresponding X-t Diagrammentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the recent advances in high performance computing, two-and three-dimensional nozzle simulations relevant to hypersonic ground-test facilities generally still employ the low fidelity 2T (or even 1T) model for engineering and design purposes [41,83,93]. Therefore, it is of interest to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the discrepancy between the 2T and StS models, and assess the possibility of modifying the 2T model to give results closer to those of the StS model.…”

Section: Comparison Between 2t and Sts Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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State-Specific Study of Air in the Expansion Tunnel Nozzle and Test Section

Hao

Wen

2022

AIAA Journal

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Thermochemical nonequilibrium in expansion tunnel nozzles is investigated numerically using a state-to-state description in one-dimension for representative air conditions. Limiting the multi-quantum jumps of VVT transitions to 3 in both N2 and O2 can accurately simulate the nonequilibrium nozzle flow. The reduction of VVT transitions to VT transitions works well. State-to-state modelling of an actual expansion tunnel nozzle condition yielded agreement with the measured static pressure. A study on the influence of different thermochemical excitation in the freestream at the test section shows that the post-shock radiation emissions can differ by more than 50 %. However, the non-Boltzmann distributions in the freestream has no influence. An evaluation of the discrepancy between the twotemperature and state-to-state models shows that the former generally predicts a faster thermochemical relaxation. Furthermore, the state-to-state results indicate that, in general, the molecular species all have a different vibrational temperature.

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“…assuming thermochemical equilibrium at the inlet [12,41,42]. Subsequent testing yielded good results, justifying this assumption as being at least reasonable.…”

Section: Fig 1 the Expansion Tunnel And Corresponding X-t Diagrammentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparison Between 2t and Sts Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

State-Specific Study of Air in the Expansion Tunnel Nozzle and Test Section

Hao

Wen

2022

AIAA Journal

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“…However, in reality the reduction occurs via a slope of approximately 6.3 • . The end of the acceleration tube was terminated with a nozzle designed by Toniato et al [15] reproduced here in Figure 4. This served to expand the flow further to attain the desired free stream conditions and increased the diameter of the core flow, allowing the model to be placed off the centre axis of the nozzle.…”

Section: Fig 2 Schematic Of X3 In Expansion Tube Mode From Stennett E...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This increased the survivability of the model by avoiding some fragmentation produced by the diaphragms at the point of rupture. The reader is encouraged to refer to Toniato et al [15] for full details of the Mach 12 nozzle dimensions to form the foundation of any numerical facility rebuild. Figure 4 also shows piezoelectric pressure transducers spanning the length of the nozzle at 400 mm intervals.…”

Section: Fig 2 Schematic Of X3 In Expansion Tube Mode From Stennett E...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of Hypersonic Double Cone Flows with Shock Wave/Boundary Layer Interactions in the X3 Expansion Tunnel

Kennedy

McGilvray

James

et al. 2023

AIAA SCITECH 2023 Forum

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This paper presents the results from a series of hypersonic double cone experiments, conducted in the X3 expansion tunnel at the University of Queensland (UQ). The model was previously used and produced at California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and is a scaled model of the double cone model used by the Calspan-University of Buffalo Research Center (CUBRC). The data presented is a full transient set of surface heat flux, and surface pressure measurements along the axial length of the model as well as a full suite of tunnel data. These aim to help characterize the flow over the geometry by providing surface conditions, an accurate location of the boundary layer separation, the flow reattachment points and the general structure of the shockwave boundary layer interaction. The geometry of the X3 facility is also provided to give a more complete picture of the test conditions, an important consideration for numerical models. The outcome of this paper is to provide the most detailed experimental data to date and improve validation attempts of existing non-equilibrium thermochemistry codes.

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Large-scale free-piston-driven multi-mode shock expansion tunnel

Stennett,

Gildfind,

Andrianatos

et al. 2024

Exp Fluids

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X3/R is a new large-scale free-piston-driven dual-mode shock expansion tube, developed and operated collaboratively by the University of Queensland (UQ) and Australia’s Defence Science and Technology Group (DSTG). The facility can be converted between a long-duration reflected shock tunnel (RST), a super-orbital expansion tube (X-mode), and a non-reflected shock tube (NRST). In RST mode, the facility is currently capable of producing 600 mm diameter Mach 7 test flows at 25–50 kPa dynamic pressure for more than 10 ms. In expansion tube mode, the facility can reach enthalpies up to 80 MJ/kg for test times on the order of 500–1000 $${\mu }$$ μ s. This paper presents the new facility, summarizes its current operational capabilities, and discusses key the technical challenges overcome during its development.

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Expansion tube nozzle design using a parallel simplex algorithm

Cited by 8 publications

References 36 publications

State-Specific Study of Air in the Expansion Tunnel Nozzle and Test Section

State-Specific Study of Air in the Expansion Tunnel Nozzle and Test Section

Measurements of Hypersonic Double Cone Flows with Shock Wave/Boundary Layer Interactions in the X3 Expansion Tunnel

Large-scale free-piston-driven multi-mode shock expansion tunnel

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