Expectancies for tobacco smoking.

Abstract

Tobacco smoking kills close to a half million Americans per year. It has been identified as the leading cause of premature morbidity and mortality in the United States. Smoking is associated with increased risks of coronary heart disease, lung cancer, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and oral cancers (Shopland & Burns, 1993). Massive public health campaigns have ensured that most Americans are aware that smoking is unhealthy.Indeed, nearly 50 million Americans have quit smoking. However, another 50 million continue to smoke, and each day 3,000 youngsters begin smoking (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1993, 1995).Despite nearly a half century of intense research, a number of practical questions still lack satisfactory answers. Among these questions are, Why do some adolescents begin smoking? Why do some smokers choose to quit? How can more smokers be motivated to attempt to quit? How can smoking cessation programs be improved? Among those who do quit, why Preparation of this chapter was supported by Grant PBR-94 from the American Cancer Society and Grant DA10484 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. We thank Steven J.Lynn for his helpful comments and suggestions on an earlier draft of this chapter.

Health disparities and culturally specific treatment: Perspectives and expectancies of African American smokers

“…Taken together, findings from this study suggest that expectancies might be one of the factors that moderate the efficacy of CS interventions. The construct of expectancies is important, as this robust psychological phenomenon has been shown to influence clinical outcomes (Kirsch, 1985(Kirsch, , 1990, including receptivity to interventions (Garfield, 1994;Webb et al, 2005) and tobacco smoking (Brandon, Juliano, & Copeland, 1999). Kreuter et al (2002) and Resnicow et al (1999) articulated thoughtful models for CS intervention development.…”

The acute effects of nicotine on positive and negative affect in adolescent smokers.

“…Such sentiments have also been well articulated within the stress-coping (Wills & Shiffman, 1985) and self-medication models (Khantzian, 1997) of substance use. Consistent with these conceptualizations, a large literature on smoking motives (Shiffman, 1993) and smoking expectancies (Brandon, Juliano, & Copeland, 1999) reliably demonstrates that the majority of adult smokers attribute their smoking to its reputed ability to calm them when stressed and, more generally, reduce NA (e.g., Ikard, Green, & Horn, 1969;McKennell, 1970;Spielberger, 1986; see Kassel, Stroud, & Paronis, 2003). Thus, smoking as an anxiolytic tool emerges as the most widely endorsed motive among adult smokers, particularly among those who are nicotine dependent (Shiffman, 1993).…”

The impact and acceptability of Canadian-style cigarette warning labels among U.S. smokers and nonsmokers

“…SrriokerSi nonetheless, showed evidence of significant transfer of " 13 negative associations and feelings from the warning labels to sniokirig cues and to a shopper who 14 purchased cigarettes after exposure to the Canadian labels. Also noteworthy was greater support 15 by both smokers and nonsmokers for raising the miniirium purchasing age for cigarettes and for 16 introducing Canadian-style labels in the United States after exposure to the Canadian labels. Note: No significant differences existed between conditions or smoking status except that smokers were significantly less educated than nonsmokers.…”

“…There was no significant 9 difference between Canadian and U.S. label participants in affect towards the food stimuli. 15 the extent to which smokers reported reading, thinking about, arid discussing the new labels were 16 associated with greater intentions to quit smoking and with actual quit attempts. Smokers who 17 quit before and after the introduction of the new labels were asked whether warning label's were a 18 factor intheir decision.9 Those who quit after the introduction ofnew graphic labels were 2.…”

“…The only 16 major change made since then was in 1984 when the labels were diversified to include four 17 statements warning of health hazards in somewhat more specific terms (e.g., "Surgeon General's 18 Warning: Quitting smoking now greatly reduces serious risks to your health").…”