Expectancy and the aroma of Roman chamomile influence mood and cognition in healthy volunteers

Moss, Mark; Howarth, Robyn; Wilkinson, Lucy; Wesnes, Keith

doi:10.1016/j.ijat.2006.04.002

Cited by 23 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Similarly the differential effects found for aspects of prospective memory reported here do not lend themselves to explanation by the expectancy mechanism proposed by Howard and Hughes [35]. Although expectancy can be an important factor [36], it is unlikely that without expectancy manipulation the randomly allocated participants would have self-generated expectancies that produced the pattern outcomes observed.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Aromas of <i>Salvia</i> Species Enhance Everyday Prospective Memory Performance in Healthy Young Adults

Moss¹,

Rouse²,

Moss³

2014

ACES

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Research has previously demonstrated that aromas of both Salvia officinalis and Salvia lavandulaefolia are capable of modulating aspects of retrospective memory, attention and mood. This study is the first to report the potential for these aromas to enhance everyday prospective memory performance in healthy young adults. In an independent groups design, three conditions, Salvia officinalis aroma, Saliva lavandulaefolia aroma and no aroma were employed with 45 healthy volunteers in each condition. Prospective memory performance was assessed using the Prospective Remembering Video Procedure. Data analysis revealed that the Salvia officinalis aroma group performed significantly better than the control group on both event and action subscales of the prospective memory task. Saliva lavandulaefolia aroma only led to enhancement for the event measure when compared to controls. No differences were found between the aroma conditions. These findings offer support for those previously reported for the effects of the aromas of Salvia sp. on cognition and again demonstrate differential effects of the two aromas. The results are considered in terms of pharmacological mechanisms.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Aromas of <i>Salvia</i> Species Enhance Everyday Prospective Memory Performance in Healthy Young Adults

Moss¹,

Rouse²,

Moss³

2014

ACES

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“…Psychologically, Chamomile has been used for the treatment of generalised anxiety disorder (Amsterdam et al, 2009), and via aromatherapy massage for the treatment of agitation and behavioural disturbances in dementia, with somewhat mixed effects (Burleigh and Armstrong, 1997). Exposure to the ambient aroma of chamomile essential oil has been shown to impair memory and increase calmness in young adults (Moss et al, 2006), in a study that interestingly also indicated that the impact of the aroma could be changed by manipulating participants' expectancies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute consumption of Peppermint and Chamomile teas produce contrasting effects on cognition and mood in healthy young adults

et al. 2016

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This study aimed to assess the acute effects of Peppermint and Chamomile herbal teas on cognitive performance and mood in healthy young adults. A single factor independent groups design was employed. One hundred and eighty undergraduate students volunteered to take part in the study for which they received course credit. Participants were randomly allocated to one of three treatments: Peppermint tea, Chamomile tea or hot water (Control). Mood scales were completed and participants then consumed their drink over a ten minute period and rested for twenty minutes. Cognitive performance was assessed using a tailored version of The Cognitive Drug Research (CDR) computerised assessment system. Post testing mood scales were then completed. Data were analysed using independent groups ANOVAs followed by Tukey post hoc comparisons. The analysis revealed that Peppermint tea significantly improved long term memory and speed of memory compared to both Chamomile and control treatments. Chamomile tea significantly slowed speed of attention and impaired working memory compared to the Peppermint treatment. Peppermint tea significantly increased subjective alertness compared to the Chamomile and control conditions. Chamomile significantly increased subjective calmness compared to the Peppermint treatment. The data show that acute consumption of Peppermint and Chamomile teas can impact on cognition and mood in healthy adults in contrasting directions. The enhancing and arousing effects of Peppermint and calming/sedative effects of Chamomile observed are in keeping with the purported properties of these herbs and suggest beneficial effects can be drawn from their use.

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“…The olfactory perceptual pathway is richly interconnected with other cortical areas (68), which supports the idea that odors can affect expectations (32). Empirical evidence on the mediating role of expectancies in odor-induced cognitive facilitation is also known (12,27,51), even expectancy of odors (in the absence of the odor) can impact human cognitive functioning (20,37). Expectancy effects are usually investigated by inducing specific expectations through verbal suggestion, however, effectiveness of such manipulations always depends on previous experiences, knowledge, and attitude of participants.…”

mentioning

confidence: 64%

“…As use of EOs is not blind in these situations, individual expectations are shaped by available information on the effects of the oils. This information is often based on empirical results with pharmacologically active doses; therefore, pharmacological and expectancy effects may interact in a positive manner as it was found in the study of Moss et al (51).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of expectations and pleasantness of essential oils in their acute effects

Köteles¹,

Babulka²

2014

Acta Physiologica Hungarica

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Effects of inhaled essential oils (EOs) cannot be explained by pharmacological mechanisms alone. The study aimed to investigate the effects of pleasantness of and expectancies evoked by EOs. A double-blind experiment with a within-subject design was carried out with the participation of 33 volunteering adults (15.2% male; mean age 37.7 ± 10.90 years). Participants were exposed to three EOs (rosemary, lavender, and eucalyptus) for three minutes in a quasi-random order, expectations were simply assessed prior to exposure. Subjective (perceived) changes in alertness, heart rate (HR), and blood pressure (BP), and objective changes in HR, BP, and indices of heart rate variability were recorded. Significant group-level differences in changes in alertness and no differences for the cardiovascular variables were found. Participants' expectations predicted changes in alertness in the case of rosemary and lavender oils but had no impact on cardiovascular variables. EOs' pleasantness had no effect on any assessed variable. Perceived changes in BP and HR were not related to the respective objective changes but were connected to perceived changes in alertness. Expectancies play an important role in the subjective effects of inhaled EOs. Perceived subjective changes are used to estimate changes in non-conscious (e.g., visceral) states.

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Expectancy and the aroma of Roman chamomile influence mood and cognition in healthy volunteers

Cited by 23 publications

References 19 publications

Aromas of <i>Salvia</i> Species Enhance Everyday Prospective Memory Performance in Healthy Young Adults

Aromas of <i>Salvia</i> Species Enhance Everyday Prospective Memory Performance in Healthy Young Adults

Acute consumption of Peppermint and Chamomile teas produce contrasting effects on cognition and mood in healthy young adults

Role of expectations and pleasantness of essential oils in their acute effects

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Expectancy and the aroma of Roman chamomile influence mood and cognition in healthy volunteers

Cited by 23 publications

References 19 publications

Aromas of &lt;i&gt;Salvia&lt;/i&gt; Species Enhance Everyday Prospective Memory Performance in Healthy Young Adults

Aromas of &lt;i&gt;Salvia&lt;/i&gt; Species Enhance Everyday Prospective Memory Performance in Healthy Young Adults

Acute consumption of Peppermint and Chamomile teas produce contrasting effects on cognition and mood in healthy young adults

Role of expectations and pleasantness of essential oils in their acute effects

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Product

Resources

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Aromas of <i>Salvia</i> Species Enhance Everyday Prospective Memory Performance in Healthy Young Adults

Aromas of <i>Salvia</i> Species Enhance Everyday Prospective Memory Performance in Healthy Young Adults