Expectancy challenge and drinking reduction: Process and structure in the alcohol expectancy network.

Darkes, Jack; Goldman, Mark S.

doi:10.1037/1064-1297.6.1.64

Cited by 222 publications

(195 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Although speculative, it may prove useful to explain to smokers seeking abstinence that not all of the perceived satisfaction they are giving up is due to actual nicotine consumption and that part of what they miss is merely the anticipation of using (i.e., savoring). This approach of shifting drug effects from actual drug use to one's beliefs and perceptions may share some features with successful expectancy challenge efforts described by Darkes and Goldman (1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of smoking opportunity on cue-elicited urge: A facial coding analysis.

Sayette¹,

Wertz²,

Martin³

et al. 2003

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology

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The authors analyzed smokers' facial expressions using the Facial Action Coding System (P. Ekman & W. V. Friesen, 1978) under varying smoking opportunity conditions. In Experiment 1, smokers first were told that they either could (told-yes) or could not (told-no) smoke during the study. Toldyes smokers reported higher urges than did told-no smokers. Unexpectedly, told-yes smokers became increasingly likely to manifest expressions related to negative affect and less likely to evince expressions related to positive affect, compared with told-no smokers. In Experiment 2, smokers were more likely to show positive affect-related expressions if the delay was 15 s than if it was 60 s. Craving may be related to both a desire to use and an impatient desire to use immediately.Recent years have seen a resurgence of interest in the topic of drug craving (e.g., Lowman, Hunt, Litten, & Drummond, 2000). Laboratory studies have proliferated in which craving is provoked using a variety of manipulations, including drug deprivation, drug use imagery, and drug cue exposure (Niaura et al., 1988). Carter and Tiffany's (1999) review confirmed that exposure to drug-related cues significantly increased self-reported urges, or cravings. Research also suggests that cue reactivity can be moderated by both person-level (e.g., heavy vs. occasional users) and situational factors.One situational factor that appears to affect self-reported urge is drug use opportunity. We recently observed across a number of studies that addicted individuals who were informed that they had an opportunity to consume their drug reported higher urges than did those who did not anticipate use, in some cases double the levels (Wertz & Sayette, 2001b). Left unresolved was whether drug use opportunity affected self-reported urge ratings in the absence of in vivo exposure to drug cues. Some have argued that there is an important distinction between cuespecific urges and general urges brought about by abstinence in the absence of in vivo drug Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Michael A. Sayette, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 3137 Sennott Square, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260. E-mail: sayette@pitt.edu. (Carter & Tiffany, 1999). These investigators recently found that smoking opportunity affected cue-specific urge ratings (Carter & Tiffany, 2001). One aim of the present study was to contrast the effects of instructed opportunity to smoke on self-reported urge prior to in vivo smoking cue exposure. NIH Public AccessCarter and Tiffany (1999) also concluded that drug cue exposure affected nonverbal responding. Specifically, cue exposure increased heart rate, sweat gland activity, and skin temperature. Until recently, however, characterizing the emotional valence of cue reactivity has proven challenging (Sayette et al., 2000;Zinser, Fiore, Davidson, & Baker, 1999). Ideally, these nonverbal measures should be conceptually linked to a particular theory of craving rather than simply measures of convenience (see Kassel &...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of smoking opportunity on cue-elicited urge: A facial coding analysis.

Sayette¹,

Wertz²,

Martin³

et al. 2003

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology

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“…At the present time, it is unknown whether treatment for alcohol and other drug abuse influences expectancies for tobacco use (a substance that was not addressed in treatment received by participants in the present study). Emerging evidence suggests that interventions designed to specifically challenge substance use expectancies may lead to shortterm changes in expected effects of the targeted substance (Darkes & Goldman, 1998). Whether such treatment may alter expectancies (or behaviors) for substances such as tobacco that were not specifically targeted remains to be investigated in future studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constructing a short form of the Smoking Consequences Questionnaire with adolescents and young adults.

Myers

McCarthy²,

MacPherson

et al. 2003

Psychological Assessment

107

105

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The goal of the present studies was to construct and validate a short form of the 50-item Smoking Consequences Questionnaire (SCQ; T. H. Brandon & T. B. Baker, 1991), a measure of smoking outcome expectancies. In Study 1, a 21-item short form (S-SCQ) was derived from a sample of 107 young adults previously treated for substance abuse. In Study 2, the measure was cross-validated on 125 adolescents in treatment for substance abuse. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed good model fit and factorial invariance for the 4 S-SCQ subscales across both samples. Validation analyses on each sample found that subscale scores generally correlated significantly with smoking-related variables. The present studies provide initial evidence for the utility of the S-SCQ when used with young adults and adolescents.

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“…However, the lack of associations between alcohol expectancies and treatment outcomes were surprising. While some authors have questioned the influence of expectancies on early treatment outcomes (Jones et al, 2001), support has been found for targeting expectancies in treatment (Brown et al, 1988;Darkes and Goldman, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Substance use treatment outcomes for youth: Integrating personal and environmental predictors

Anderson

Ramo

Schulte

et al. 2007

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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This investigation examined personal and environmental predictors of substance treatment outcomes in youth. 424 adolescents (M = 15.9 years, SD = 1.3) completed comprehensive assessments, including substance use, environmental factors (e.g., family history, social supports), and person-centered variables (e.g., Axis I diagnosis, motivation, self-esteem), at study intake and throughout the year following inpatient treatment. Youth treatment outcomes were assessed by relapse status (abstaining, minor relapse, major relapse) and DSM-IV dependence symptoms at one year. Relapse status was predicted by demographic (age), environmental (social supports), and person-centered factors (diagnosis) while dependence symptoms were best predicted by substance use variables alone. Consideration of the general and specific nature of risk and protection within the adolescent developmental context were explored.

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Expectancy challenge and drinking reduction: Process and structure in the alcohol expectancy network.

Cited by 222 publications

References 43 publications

Effects of smoking opportunity on cue-elicited urge: A facial coding analysis.

Effects of smoking opportunity on cue-elicited urge: A facial coding analysis.

Constructing a short form of the Smoking Consequences Questionnaire with adolescents and young adults.

Substance use treatment outcomes for youth: Integrating personal and environmental predictors

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