Expectancy Effects in Caffeine Research

Christensen, Larry; White, Beth; Krietsch, Kelly; Steele, Greg L.

doi:10.3109/10826089009056197

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Experimental evidence from caffeine studies employing a placebo design has demonstrated that altered physiological (e.g., Lotshaw, Bradley, & Brooks, 1996; Mikalsen, Bertelsen, & Flaten, 2001), emotional (e.g., Haskell et al, 2005), cognitive (e.g., Christensen, White, Krietsch, & Steele, 1990; Oei & Hartley, 2005), and even neurobiological (e.g., Kaasinen, Aalto, Nagren, & Rinne, 2004) responses following a caffeine or placebo challenge, are influenced by caffeine expectancies. For example, Fillmore and Vogelsprott (1992) found that participants who expected that caffeine would either impair or enhance performance on a motor-pursuit task performed in accordance with their respective expectations for drug effects in both placebo and caffeine conditions.…”

Section: Caffeine Expectanciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Caffeine expectancy: Instrument development in the Rasch measurement framework.

Heinz¹,

Kassel²,

Smith³

2009

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors

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Although caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive drug in the world, the mechanisms associated with consumption are not well understood. Nonetheless, outcome expectancies for caffeine use are thought to underlie caffeine's reinforcing properties. To date, however, there is no available, sufficient measure by which to assess caffeine expectancy. Therefore, the current study sought to develop such a measure employing Rasch measurement models. Unlike traditional measurement development techniques, Rasch analyses afford dynamic and interactive control of the analysis process and generate helpful information to guide instrument construction. A 5-stage developmental process is described, ultimately yielding a 37-item Caffeine Expectancy Questionnaire (CEQ) comprised of 4 factors representing "withdrawal symptoms," "positive effects," "acute negative effects," and "mood effects." Initial evaluation of the CEQ yielded sufficient evidence for various aspects of validity. Although additional research with more heterogeneous samples is required to further assess the measure's reliability and validity, the CEQ demonstrates potential with regard to its utility in experimental laboratory research and clinical application.

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Section: Caffeine Expectanciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Caffeine expectancy: Instrument development in the Rasch measurement framework.

Heinz¹,

Kassel²,

Smith³

2009

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors

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“…Christensen, White, and Krietsch (1985) failed to find an expectancy effect from consumption of refined sugar, although most subjects did report that, in general, refined sugar consumption does cause psychological and physiological symptoms. Subjects expecting to ingest caffeine reported more caffeine-related symptoms than nonexpectancy subjects, even though neither group received caffeine (Christensen, White, Krietsch, & Steele, 1990). The role of expectations in determining fat consumption is not known.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Expectancies and Personalized Feedback on Fat Consumption, Taste, and Preference

Bowen

Tomoyasu

Anderson

et al. 1992

J Applied Social Pyschol

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Previous studies have shown that people develop expectations about the taste and effects of consumed substances and that those expectations can guide future behavior, cognitions, and affect. Identifying expectancies for the taste of both low‐ and high‐fat foods is important in determining people's reactions to changes in their diets. Study 1 was designed to determine the existence of expectancies for the taste of low‐and high‐fat foods and the effects of these expectations on food consumption and preference. Ninety‐seven subjects tasted a bowl of ice cream and rated the taste on taste judgment forms. The fat content of the ice cream (high‐ versus low‐fat) and the expectancy of high‐ versus low‐fat content were independently manipulated using a balanced placebo design. Expectancy affected the consumption of ice cream under most circumstances: For women who received high‐fat ice cream and for men, regardless of the ice cream received, consumption was higher when high‐fat ice cream was expected than when low‐fat ice cream was expected. Study 2 was designed to investigate the effects of educating individuals about the diet‐cancer link on consumption and preference. Receiving information about diet and cancer, especially when the information was personalized, decreased overall consumption and reported preference. Current levels of daily fat consumption also affected laboratory consumption and preference. This study has several implications for interventions to lower dietary fat.

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Efficacy of Caffeine Versus Expectancy in Altering Caffeine-Related Symptoms

Christensen

Miller

Johnson

1991

The Journal of General Psychology

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The study investigated the independent and interactive effects of caffeine and expectancy on caffeine-related symptoms. High- and low-caffeine consumers were randomly assigned to either an expectancy or nonexpectancy instructional set and one of four caffeine doses. Subjects were administered the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, (Spielberger & Gorsuch, 1970) and a Symptom Questionnaire (Christensen, White, Krietsch, & Steele, 1990) prior to and 45 min following consumption of one of the four caffeine doses. An analysis of covariance identified a significant main effect for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scores and significant main and interaction effects for four Symptom Questionnaire items. However, when the alpha levels were corrected for the increased probability of Type I error, using the Bonferroni procedure, these effects failed to achieve significance. These results suggest that previous reports of subjective caffeine effects are also suspect because of their failure to control for the increased probability of Type I error.

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Expectancy Effects in Caffeine Research

Cited by 4 publications

References 4 publications

Caffeine expectancy: Instrument development in the Rasch measurement framework.

Caffeine expectancy: Instrument development in the Rasch measurement framework.

Effects of Expectancies and Personalized Feedback on Fat Consumption, Taste, and Preference

Efficacy of Caffeine Versus Expectancy in Altering Caffeine-Related Symptoms

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