Expectancy of alcohol analgesia moderates perception of pain relief following acute alcohol intake.

Abstract

Although laboratory studies indicate alcohol reduces pain intensity and increases pain threshold, these effects likely do not completely explain perceived pain relief from alcohol intake. In this study, we tested expectancy of alcohol analgesia (EAA) as a moderator of subjective pain relief following oral alcohol challenge in individuals with and without chronic orofacial pain. Social drinkers (N = 48; 19 chronic pain; 29 pain-free controls) completed two testing sessions: alcohol administration (BrAC: 0.08 g/dL) and placebo. Alcohol expectancy (AE) was assessed using the EAA questionnaire and two 100-mm Visual Analogue Scales (VASs) regarding strength of belief that alcohol provides pain relief (AE VAS 1) or reduces pain sensitivity (AE VAS 2). Participants completed quantitative sensory testing (QST) involving application of pressure to the masseter insertion. Pain threshold (lbf; three repetitions) and pain intensity (4, 5, and 6 lbf; three repetitions each; 100-mm VAS) were collected. After each stimulus, participants rated perceived pain relief due to consumption of the study beverage (0-100 VAS). Higher EAA and AE VAS 1 ratings were associated with stronger perceived relief in the alcohol, but not placebo, condition. However, expectancy specifically related to reduction in pain sensitivity (AE VAS 2) was not associated with relief. Additionally, changes in pain threshold and intensity were not significantly correlated with perceived relief. Taken together, results suggest expectancy that alcohol provides pain relief is an important determinant of its negative reinforcing effects. Future studies should investigate challenging these expectancies as a means of reducing alcohol-related risk in people with pain. Public Health SignificanceThis study suggests that expectancies of alcohol's pain-relieving effects may be a valuable therapeutic target for reducing the risk of alcohol-related consequences in people with and without pain. The lack of association between pain sensitivity change scores with perceived relief suggests additional research is needed to determine effective interventions using alcohol expectancies and individual perceptions that alcohol relieved pain.