Expectation, Motivation, and Attitude: A Tourist Behavioral Model

Hsu, Cheng; Cai, Liping A.; Li, Mimi

doi:10.1177/0047287509349266

Cited by 336 publications

(317 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…Motivation is perhaps best described as 'psychological/biological needs and wants, including integral forces that arouse, direct and integrate a person's behaviour and activity' (Yoon & Uysal, 2005, p. 46). Several theories or models have been developed to explain motivation (see Gnoth, 1997;Hsu et al, 2010) and early studies such as those of Plog's (1974) 'allocentric2psychocentric', Dann's (1977) 'push2pull', Pearce's (1988) 'travel career ladder ' and Ross and Iso-Ahola's (1991) 'escape seeking' are instrumental. Pearce and Lee (2005) reaffirm the findings of previous studies that tourist push motivations are four-fold in nature (novelty seeking, escape/relaxation, kinship/relationship enhancement and self-development).…”

Section: Motivationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumer behaviour in tourism: Concepts, influences and opportunities

Cohen

Prayag

Moital

2013

Current Issues in Tourism

568

333

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Although consumer behaviour (CB) is one of the most researched areas in the field of tourism, few extensive reviews of the body of knowledge in this area exist. This review article examines what we argue are the key concepts, external influences and opportune research contexts in contemporary tourism CB research. Using a narrative review, we examine the CB literature published in three major tourism journals from 2000 to 2012. Of 519 articles identified and reviewed, 191 are included in this article. We examine the development of and scope for future research on nine key concepts, including decision-making, values, motivations, self-concept and personality, expectations, attitudes, perceptions, satisfaction, trust and loyalty. We then examine three important external influences on tourism behaviour, technology, Generation Y and the rise in concern over ethical consumption. Finally, we identify and discuss five research contexts that represent major areas for future scholarship: group and joint decision-making, under-researched segments, cross-cultural issues in emerging markets, emotions and consumer misbehaviour. Our examination of key research gaps is concluded by arguing that the hedonic and affective aspects of CB research in tourism must be brought to bear on the wider CB and marketing literature.Keywords: consumption; travel; behaviour; marketing; research agenda Introduction Consumer behaviour (CB) involves certain decisions, activities, ideas or experiences that satisfy consumer needs and wants (Solomon, 1996). It is 'concerned with all activities directly involved in obtaining, consuming and disposing of products and services, including the decision processes that precede and follow these actions' (Engel, Blackwell, & Miniard, 1995, p. 4). CB remains one of the most researched areas in the marketing and tourism fields, with the terms 'travel behaviour' or 'tourist behaviour' typically used to describe this area of inquiry. Few comprehensive reviews of the literature on CB concepts and models exist in the field of tourism. Exceptions include Moutinho (1993) who reviews the social and psychological influences on individual travel behaviour with the aim of developing a model of tourist behaviour and Dimanche and Havitz (1995) Tourism, 2014 Vol. 17, No. 10, 872 -909, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2013 four concepts (ego-involvement, loyalty and commitment, family decision-making and novelty-seeking) in an attempt to methodologically advance CB in tourism studies.A lack of comprehensive reviews is not only due to the extensive breadth of the topic area itself, but also because travel behaviour is generally considered as a continuous process that includes varied yet inter-correlated stages and concepts that cannot always be analysed separately (Mill & Morrison, 2002). Tourism researchers have reviewed individual concepts (e.g. Riley, Niininen, Szivas, & Willis, 2001, on loyalty), specific influences (e.g. Moutinho, 1993, on social influences on CB), and particular research contexts (e.g. Hong, Lee, L...

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Section: Motivationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumer behaviour in tourism: Concepts, influences and opportunities

Cohen

Prayag

Moital

2013

Current Issues in Tourism

568

333

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“…Beijing is known for its high propensity to travel and its trend setting status in lifestyle [68]. Two trained interviewers approached potential respondents outside convenient locations such as high street shopping centers, leisure centers, tourist attractions, and local universities, following a procedure adapted from the study of Hsu et al [68] on the Chinese market.…”

Section: Data Collection and Sample Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bagged fuzzy clustering for fuzzy data: An application to a tourism market

D’Urso

Disegna

Massari

et al. 2015

Knowledge-Based Systems

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Segmentation has several strategic and tactical implications in marketing products and services. Despite hard clustering methods having several weaknesses, they remain widely applied in marketing studies. Alternative segmentation methods such as fuzzy methods are rarely used to understand consumer behaviour. In this study, we propose a strategy of analysis, by combining the Bagged Clustering (BC) method and the fuzzy C-means clustering method for fuzzy data (FCM-FD), i.e., the Bagged fuzzy C-means clustering method for fuzzy data (BFCM-FD). The method inherits the advantages of stability and reproducibility from BC and the flexibility from FCM-FD. The method is applied on a sample of 328 Chinese consumers revealing the existence of four segments (Admirers, Enthusiasts, Moderates, and Apathetics) of the perceived images of Western Europe as a tourist destination. The results highlight the heterogeneity in Chinese consumers' place preferences and implications for place marketing are offered.

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“…Given the significance of the Chinese market, many studies have focused on Mainland travellers, including research on tourist motivation (Hsu, Cai, & Li, 2010;Hsu & Lam, 2003;Huang & Hsu, 2005;Huang & Hsu, 2009;Lam and Vong, 2009), perception of tour guide performance (Zhang & Chow, 2004), shopping behaviour (Choi, Liu, Pang, & Chow, 2008), and perception of tourism advertisement (der Veen & Song, 2010). Very few studies have been found on investigating magazines as an important information source for travelers, excepting Choi, Lehto, & Morrison (2007) and Bandyopadhyay & Morais (2005).…”

Section: (Table 1 Here)mentioning

confidence: 99%