Expectation of reward modulates cognitive signals in the basal ganglia

Kawagoe, Reiko; Takikawa, Yoriko; Hikosaka, Okihide

doi:10.1038/1625

Cited by 576 publications

(492 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Evidence from transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) [Knoch et al, 2006;van 't Wout et al, 2005] and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) [Knoch et al, 2008] studies suggests that the right lateral PFC is causally involved in (costly) norm enforcement behavior by modulating the weight of self-interest in the decision process. On the other hand, punishment-related activity in the dorsal caudatus (a brain region strongly implicated in the processing of rewards that accrue as a result of goaldirected actions [Fliessbach et al, 2007;Kawagoe et al, 1998;O'Doherty et al, 2004;Schultz and Romo, 1988]) in combination with behavioral and questionnaire measures suggests that people derive satisfaction from punishing norm violators [de Quervain et al, 2004;Singer et al, 2006]. We expect similar processes and associated brain activity patterns in the right lateral PFC and the dorsal caudatus when third-parties strongly punish outgroup members (for defecting against cooperating ingroup members).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

The mentalizing network orchestrates the impact of parochial altruism on social norm enforcement

Baumgärtner

Götte

Gugler

et al. 2011

Human Brain Mapping

159

150

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Parochial altruism-a preference for altruistic behavior towards ingroup members and mistrust or hostility towards outgroup members-is a pervasive feature in human society and strongly shapes the enforcement of social norms. Since the uniqueness of human society critically depends on the enforcement of norms, the understanding of the neural circuitry of the impact of parochial altruism on social norm enforcement is key, but unexplored. To fill this gap, we measured brain activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while subjects had the opportunity to punish ingroup members and outgroup members for violating social norms. Findings revealed that subjects' strong punishment of defecting outgroup members is associated with increased activity in a functionally connected network involved in sanction-related decisions (right orbitofrontal gyrus, right lateral prefrontal cortex, right dorsal caudatus). Moreover, the stronger the connectivity in this network, the more outgroup members are punished. In contrast, the much weaker punishment of ingroup members who committed the very same norm violation is associated with increased activity and connectivity in the mentalizing-network (dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, bilateral temporo-parietal junction), as if subjects tried to understand or justify ingroup members' behavior. Finally, connectivity analyses between the two networks suggest that the mentalizing-network modulates punishment by affecting the activity in the right orbitofrontal gyrus and right lateral prefrontal cortex, notably in the same areas showing enhanced activity and connectivity whenever third-parties strongly punished defecting outgroup members.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

The mentalizing network orchestrates the impact of parochial altruism on social norm enforcement

Baumgärtner

Götte

Gugler

et al. 2011

Human Brain Mapping

159

150

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…There is an increasingly broad range of evidence in human and nonhuman primate studies showing that the dorsal striatum is involved in socially relevant, functional roles such as positive and negative emotions (Lane et al, 1997), response to emotional faces (Morris et al, 1996), romantic love (Bartels and Zeki, 2000;Aron et al, 2005), reward expectation (Kawagoe et al, 1998), and reward learning (O'Doherty, 2004;Delgado et al, 2005). The dorsal striatum is well positioned to integrate information pertaining to cognition and reward with motor control circuits and to potentiate specific motor outputs (Balleine et al, 2007).…”

Section: Behavioral Function Of Dorsal Striatum In Partner Preferencementioning

confidence: 99%

Activation of μ-Opioid Receptors in the Dorsal Striatum is Necessary for Adult Social Attachment in Monogamous Prairie Voles

Burkett

Spiegel

Inoue

et al. 2011

Neuropsychopharmacol

112

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Despite significant evidence that opioids are involved in attachment by mediating social reward and motivation, the role of opioids in the formation of adult social attachments has not been explored. We used the socially monogamous prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) to explore the role of endogenous opioids in social bonding by examining partner preference formation in female prairie voles. We hypothesized that m-opioid receptors (MORs) in the striatum have a critical role in partner preference formation. We therefore predicted that peripheral administration of an opioid receptor antagonist would inhibit partner preference formation, and more specifically, that m-opioid selective receptor blockade within the striatum would inhibit partner preference formation. To test our hypotheses, we first administered the non-selective opioid antagonist naltrexone peripherally to females during an 18-h cohabitation with a male and later tested the female with a partner preference test (PPT). Females showed a dose schedule-dependent decrease in partner preference in the PPT, with females in the continuous dose group displaying stranger preferences. Next, we administered microinjections of the MOR selective antagonist D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (CTAP) into either the nucleus accumbens shell (NAS) or the caudate-putamen (CP) immediately before a 24-h cohabitation with a male, and later tested the female with a PPT. Females receiving CTAP into the CP, but not the NAS, showed no preference in the PPT, indicating an inhibition of partner preference formation. We show here for the first time that MORs modulate partner preference formation in female prairie voles by acting in the CP.

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“…Central to this process is the role of the striatum, a multifaceted structure that is involved in affective learning and general reward processing across species [1][2][3] , which is particularly engaged when potential rewards are predicted or anticipated [4][5][6] . However, this striatum signal can also be maladaptive and correlates with drug specific cravings 7 , potentially increasing urges to partake in riskseeking behavior 8 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulating the expectation of reward via cognitive strategies

2008

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Previous emotion regulation research has been successful in altering aversive emotional reactions. It is unclear, however, whether such strategies can also efficiently regulate expectations of reward arising from conditioned stimuli, which can at times be maladaptive (for example, drug cravings). Using a monetary reward-conditioning procedure with cognitive strategies, we observed attenuation in both the physiological (skin conductance) and neural correlates (striatum) of reward expectation as participants engaged in emotion regulation.The expectation of a potential reward elicits positive feelings and aids in the learning of environmental cues that predict future rewards. Central to this process is the role of the striatum, a multifaceted structure that is involved in affective learning and general reward processing across species 1-3 , which is particularly engaged when potential rewards are predicted or anticipated 4-6 . However, this striatum signal can also be maladaptive and correlates with drug specific cravings 7 , potentially increasing urges to partake in riskseeking behavior 8 . Given this, it is important to understand how to regulate or control the positive feelings associated with reward expectation. One promising method for examining this is the utilization of cognitive strategies commonly used in both social 9 and clinical 8 disciplines. Emotion regulation strategies, for example, have been successful in attenuating aversive emotional reactions that are elicited by various types of negative stimuli 10 , a pattern that is also reflected in neural regions involved in emotion, such as the amygdala, with both behavioral and subcortical neural modulations possibly mediated by prefrontal cortical regions 11,12 . Less is known, however, about the efficacy of such strategies with positive, anticipatory feelings that are elicited by a conditioned appetitive stimulus. The goal of our study was to investigate the influence of emotion regulation strategies on the physiological and neural correlates underlying expectations of reward. We hypothesized that cognitive strategies should successfully decrease arousal elicited by reward-conditioned cues while attenuating reward-related activity in the striatum.Fifteen participants who gave written consent were presented with an adapted version of a classical conditioning procedure that has been previously used to study aversive learning 13 . Specifically, participants were presented for 4 s with two conditioned stimuli, a blue and a Fig. 1a). Prior to each trial, participants were also given a written cue for 2 s that instructed them to either attend to the stimulus (that is, "think of the meaning of the blue square, such as a potential reward") or regulate their emotional response to the stimulus (that is, "think of something blue in nature that calms you down, such as the ocean"). These antecedent-focused emotion regulation strategies are postulated to work early in the emotional process to influence the final emotional output 9 . Notably, there are a var...

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Expectation of reward modulates cognitive signals in the basal ganglia

Cited by 576 publications

References 40 publications

The mentalizing network orchestrates the impact of parochial altruism on social norm enforcement

The mentalizing network orchestrates the impact of parochial altruism on social norm enforcement

Activation of μ-Opioid Receptors in the Dorsal Striatum is Necessary for Adult Social Attachment in Monogamous Prairie Voles

Regulating the expectation of reward via cognitive strategies

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