Expectations of drug effects based on colour and size of tablets

Köteles, Ferenc; Bárdos, György

doi:10.1556/mental.8.2007.4.2

Mentálhigiéné és Pszichoszomatika

2007

DOI: 10.1556/mental.8.2007.4.2

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Expectations of drug effects based on colour and size of tablets

Ferenc Köteles¹,

György Bárdos²

Abstract: Cél: Egy gyógyszer vagy kezelés teljes hatásának fontos részét képezik az ún. nem-specifikus vagy placebo-hatások. E nem-specifikus hatások egyik forrását a gyógyszerek perceptuális jellemzôi (szín, méret) által kiváltott elvárások jelentik. Jelen munka célja a tabletták színe/mérete és hatásai/mellékhatásai közötti várt kapcsolatok vizsgálata. Módszer: 100 alsóéves egyetemi hallgató töltött ki egy 12 gyakori gyógyszerhatást és 9 mellékhatást tartalmazó kérdôívet. Minden egyes esetben a résztvevôknek azt a 3-a… Show more

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Cited by 6 publications

References 25 publications

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Quality of Life in Hungarian Parents of Autistic Individuals

Volgyesi-Molnar,

Gyori,

Eapen

et al. 2024

J Autism Dev Disord

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Purpose Parents of autistic individuals have been known to have a lower overall quality of life (QQL) than those of typically developing children. We present the first Hungarian large-sample study whose objective was to explore the differences in QOL between parents of autistic individuals (AS) and those of neurotypical (NT) persons. Methods Based on the ABCX model we developed a questionnaire comprising standardized scales to characterize the life of parents involved. Our data came from parents of 842 individuals (ASD = 521, NT = 321) between 0 and 49 years. Battery deployed standardized instruments to examine quality of life (WHO-QQL BREF and Quality of Life in Autism questionnaire, QOLA). We assessed the families’ socio-economic/demographic characteristics, parents’ psychological well-being, the autistic/neurotypical individuals’ characteristics, and the interventions. Results Our data showed significantly lower QOL in parents of autistic individuals in all domains of questionnaires. We analyzed 20 relevant factors to uncover the predictors of parental QOL. We confirmed the existence of most but not all predictors present in earlier literature and identified intervention-related predictors. Conclusion Our study confirms the importance of supporting parents in their role, and of providing health and social supports that focus on quality of life, in addition to child care.

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Quality of Life in Hungarian Parents of Autistic Individuals

Volgyesi-Molnar,

Gyori,

Eapen

et al. 2024

J Autism Dev Disord

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Expectations of drug effects based on colours and sizes — The importance of learning

Köteles¹,

Fodor²,

Cziboly³

et al. 2009

Clinical and Experimental Medical Journal

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It has been well known for at least 60 years that the effect of a pill depends not only on its chemical-pharmacological (i.e. specific) properties. A considerable proportion of the total effect stems from the so-called placebo or non-specific effects, which seem not to be directly connected to the pharmacological activity of a given drug. As many authors pointed out, the "non-specific" term in itself is a bit confusing: if we define specificity as "specific pharmacological activity", all other effects are non-specific by definition. On the other hand, these effects can be very specific in terms of the affected body parts or organs or of their direction (e.g. stimulant/sedative) [1]. In the present paper, the term "non-specific" is used as a synonym of placebo.The most often mentioned sources of placebo effects are doctor-patient relationship, the needs and expectations of the patient, suggestions and information given by the doctor, personality and psychological state of the doctor and of the patient, the context of treatment, and the perceptual properties of medication [2].Early researchers of the placebo effect stressed the importance of using tablet colours that simply attract attention (e.g. pink) and are not associated with poisons (like blue or green) [3]. A considerable proportion of the total effect of a drug can be due to non-specific effects. Important sources of such effects are the expectations evoked by the look-and-feel of the curatives. In this study the origin of these expectations was examined. 109 female university students completed two paper-and-pencil tests about expected connections among lookand-feel of curatives and their effects, and about personal drug experiences. Significant preferences in perceptual characteristics were found in 10 drug effects out of 19. In 5 cases out of the 10 preferred tablets, the preferences were partly explainable by previous experiences of participants. Although direct learning as a source of tablet colour preferences is an obvious assumption, there has not been any research in this area. Possible consequences of changing drug expectations by direct learning are discussed and several health psychological conclusions are drawn.

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The effect of perceptual characteristics of tablets upon patient's choice

Köteles¹,

Komsa²,

Bárdos

2010

Clinical and Experimental Medical Journal

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Expectations of drug effects based on colour and size of tablets

Cited by 6 publications

References 25 publications

Quality of Life in Hungarian Parents of Autistic Individuals

Quality of Life in Hungarian Parents of Autistic Individuals

Expectations of drug effects based on colours and sizes — The importance of learning

The effect of perceptual characteristics of tablets upon patient's choice

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