“…Some studies have shown that a higher level of parent education was linked to a higher likelihood of political and civic participation (Mahatmya & Lohman, 2012;Marzana, Marta, & Pozzi, 2012). However, in other studies socio-economic background had only small positive effects on youths' expected electoral participation (Manganelli, Alivernini, Lucidi, & Di Leo, 2012;Vecchione & Mebane, 2006) and it had negative or not significant effects on active political participation (Schulz et al, 2010). On the other hand, adolescents' socio-economic background was found to have a great influence on their civic knowledge (Alivernini & Manganelli, 2011;Schulz et al, 2010;Torney-Purta 2001).…”