Expedition 345 summary

Abstract

Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Hess Deep Expedition 345 was designed to sample lower crustal primitive gabbroic rock that formed at the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise (EPR) in order to test competing models of magmatic accretion and the intensity of hydrothermal cooling at depth. The Hess Deep Rift was selected to exploit tectonic exposures of young EPR plutonic crust, building upon results from Ocean Drilling Program Leg 147 as well as more recent submersible, remotely operated vehicle, and nearbottom surveys. The primary goal was to acquire the observations required to test end-member crustal accretion models that were in large part based on relationships from ophiolites, in combination with mid-ocean ridge geophysical studies. This goal was achieved with the recovery of primitive layered olivine gabbro and troctolite with many unexpected mineralogical and textural relationships, such as the abundance of orthopyroxene and the preservation of delicate skeletal olivine textures. Site U1415 is located within the Hess Deep Rift along the southern slope of the intrarift ridge between 4675 and 4850 m water depths. Specific hole locations were selected in the general area of the proposed drill sites (HD-01B-HD-03B) using a combination of geomorphology, seafloor observations, and shallow acoustic subbottom profiling data. A total of 16 holes were drilled. The primary science results were obtained from coring of two ~110 m deep reentry holes (U1415J and U1415P) and five single-bit holes (U1415E and U1415G-U1415I). Despite deep water depths and challenging drilling conditions, reasonable recovery for hard rock expeditions (15%-30%) was achieved at three 35-110 m deep holes (U1415I, U1415J, and U1415P). The other holes occupied during this expedition included three failed attempts to establish reentry capability (Holes U1415K, U1415M, and U1415P) and six jet-in tests to assess sediment thickness (Holes U1415A-U1415D, U1415F, and U1415L). Olivine gabbro and troctolite are the dominant plutonic rock types recovered at Site U1415, with minor gabbro, clinopyroxene oikocryst-bearing gabbroic lithologies, and gabbronorite. These rocks exhibit cumulate textures similar to those found in layered mafic intrusions and some ophiolite complexes. All lithologies are primitive, with Mg# between 76 and 89, falling within the global range of primitive oceanic gabbros. Spectacular modal and grain size layering was prevalent in >50% of the recovered core, display

Expedition 357 methods

“…Description of mafic igneous rocks follows that of ODP Leg 176 Gillis et al, 2014), where the following modifiers based on modal mineralogy were used:…”

Expedition 355 methods

“…Igneous rock description procedures during Expedition 355 followed those used during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expeditions 309/312, 335, and 345 and IODP Expedition 349 (Expedition 309/312 Scientists, 2006;Expedition 335 Scientists, 2012;Gillis et al, 2014;Li et al, 2015). Because coring into the igneous basement took place on the last day of coring operations during Expedition 355, shipboard descriptions were completed under significant time constraints, limiting the amount of data that could be collected.…”

Holes U1415K, U1415L, U1415M, and U1415N

“…F8 in the "Expedition 345 summary" chapter [Gillis et al, 2014b]). This was done in order to exploit and test a geologic model whereby the small bench was the top of a headwall scarp and would expose a more competent formation.…”