Experiences in Child Hair Analysis

Kintz, Pascal

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801700-5.00006-6

Cited by 11 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…According to Kintz et al sweat contamination could be considered one reason resulting in positive hair tests in children [10]. Nevertheless, incorporation of methadone and EDDP into a child's hair had not as yet been proven [3], or had thus far been excluded [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for the transfer of methadone and EDDP by sweat to children’s hair

et al. 2021

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In cases where there is a question as to whether children have come into contact with drugs, examinations of their scalp hair are frequently carried out. Positive test results are often discussed in the forensic community due to the various possible modes via which drugs and their metabolites can be incorporated into the hair. These include drug uptake by the child (e.g. oral ingestion or inhalation), but also contamination of hair via contact with the sweat from drug users. In this study, the possibility of methadone and its metabolite EDDP being incorporated into children’s hair by contact with sweat from persons undergoing opiate maintenance therapy (methadone) was examined. The transfer of methadone and EDDP via sweat from methadone patients (n = 15) to children’s hair was simulated by close skin contact of drug-free children’s hair, encased in mesh-pouches, for 5 days. Sweat-collecting patches (hereafter referred to as ‘sweat patches’) were applied to the test persons’ skin. One strand of hair and one sweat patch were collected daily from each patient. Analyses were performed using GC–MS/MS (hair) and LC–MS/MS (serum, sweat patches). After 4 days of skin contact, methadone was detectable in the formerly drug-free hair strands in all 15 study participants. EDDP was detectable in 34 of 75 hair strands, with the maximum number of positive results (11 EDDP-positive hair strands) being detected after 5 days. These results show that transfer of methadone and EDDP to drug-free hair is possible through close skin contact with individuals taking part in methadone substitution programmes. A correlation between serum concentration, sweat concentration and substance concentration in hair strands could not be demonstrated, but a tendency towards higher concentrations due to longer contact time is clearly evident.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for the transfer of methadone and EDDP by sweat to children’s hair

et al. 2021

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“…Moreover, as glucuronides are hydrophilic compounds, their integration into the hair shaft is less important than the parent drug. Hence, it may not be possible to detect some of these metabolites in hair [ 28 ]. Finally, like ketamine and methoxetamine, N -glucuronidation of 3-HO-PCE was not observed, in contrast to what has been seen with O-PCE.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A hair sample measuring 4 cm in length was taken from the patient, which corresponds to a period of 4 months before the time of sampling, assuming an average hair growth rate of 1 cm per month [ 28 ]. The entire segment was analyzed as a whole, without any further segmentation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of 3-Hydroxyeticyclidine (3-HO-PCE) Metabolism in Human Liver Microsomes and Biological Samples Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry

et al. 2023

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3-Hydroxyeticyclidine (3-HO-PCE) is a ketamine derivative that produces dissociative, hallucinogenic, and euphoric effects when consumed, but little is known about its pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity compared to other designer ketamine analogs. To address this gap in knowledge, this study explored for the first time the metabolism of 3-HO-PCE. Based on this investigation, it is hypothesized that combining the use of Human Liver Microsomes (HLM) as an In vitro model with urine and hair samples from drug users may enable the identification of key analytes that can extend the detection window of 3-HO-PCE, particularly in cases of overdose. The analysis identified 15 putative metabolites, 12 of which are produced through phase I metabolism involving N-dealkylation, deamination, and oxidation, and 3 through phase II O-glucuronidation. The metabolism of 3-HO-PCE is similar to that of O-PCE, another designer ketamine of the eticyclidine family. The study identified M2a and hydroxy-PCA as reliable biomarkers for untargeted screening of the eticyclidine family in urine and hair, respectively. For targeted screening of 3-HO-PCE, M10 is recommended as the target analyte in urine, and M5 shows promise for long-term monitoring of 3-HO-PCE using hair analysis.

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“…The transfer from the bloodstream to the living cells of the hair bulb is generally considered the main contributor to the incorporation of chemicals into hair, although secondary incorporation from sebum and sweat cannot be excluded for some chemicals . The important role of blood is further supported by the significant correlations observed in chemical concentration between blood and hair. , Nevertheless, the biological mechanisms governing the incorporation into hair are still not fully understood and some gaps still need to be filled to better interpret the concentration of chemicals in hair and to link it to the subject’s level of exposure or to the internal dose of pollutant present in the body.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incorporation of Fast-Elimination Chemicals in Hair Is Governed by Pharmacokinetics–Implications for Exposure Assessment

Faÿs

Palazzi

Zeman

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Mechanisms governing chemicals’ incorporation in hair are incompletely understood, and gaps remain to link the concentration of chemicals in hair to level of exposure and internal dose present in the body. This study assesses the relevance of hair analysis for the biomonitoring of exposure to fast-elimination compounds and investigates the role of pharmacokinetics (PK) in their incorporation in hair. Rats were administered with pesticides, bisphenols, phthalates, and DINCH over 2 months. Hairs were analyzed for 28 chemicals/metabolites to investigate correlations between their concentration in hair and the dose administered to the animals. Urine collected over 24 h after gavage was used to determine chemicals’ PK and to investigate their influence on incorporation into hair by means of linear mixed models (LMMs). Eighteen chemicals presented a significant correlation between concentration in hair and level of exposure. In models combining all chemicals, agreement between concentration in hair predicted by LMM and experimental values was moderate (R 2 = 0.19) but significantly increased when PK were included in the models (R 2 = 0.37), and even more when chemical families were considered separately (e.g., R 2 = 0.98 for pesticides). This study shows that pharmacokinetics mediate incorporation of chemicals in hair and suggests the relevance of hair for assessing exposure to fast-elimination chemicals.

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Experiences in Child Hair Analysis

Cited by 11 publications

References 33 publications

Evidence for the transfer of methadone and EDDP by sweat to children’s hair

Evidence for the transfer of methadone and EDDP by sweat to children’s hair

Characterization of 3-Hydroxyeticyclidine (3-HO-PCE) Metabolism in Human Liver Microsomes and Biological Samples Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Incorporation of Fast-Elimination Chemicals in Hair Is Governed by Pharmacokinetics–Implications for Exposure Assessment

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