Experiences of Discrimination and Skin Color Among Women in Urban Brazil: A Latent Class Analysis

Abstract

<jats:p> Experiences of discrimination are an important aspect of women’s life in Brazil, especially Black women. The Experiences of Discrimination scale (EOD) is often used for assessing discrimination in epidemiological studies, although divergent cutoff points have been used to characterize the exposure. We used latent class analysis (LCA) and logistic regression to identify and characterize subgroups of women exposed to discrimination and compared with a cutoff-based assignment of subgroups. One thousand two-hundred and four women living in Salvador, Brazil, responded to the EOD. We selected models with two latent classes, highly and lowly exposed. The classes differed in self-reported skin color and education level, revealing that darker skinned (odds ratio [ OR] = 11.3, 95% confidence interval [CI: 1.54, 82.7]) and more educated ( OR = 2.09, 95% CI [1.17, 3.72]) women were more likely to be classified into the highly exposed class. Comparing with LCA, the use of cutoff points overestimated the reporting of discrimination. Researchers should consider the use of more accurate measures of discrimination in order to identify the most vulnerable individuals so that prevention efforts could be better targeted. </jats:p>

Racial Discrimination in Western Beauty Product Advertisements

“…Skin color hierarchies continue to affect Black women. According to research, having more delicate skin in terms of beauty gives women advantages in terms of education, income, and even marital status (Fattore et al, 2020).…”

Integrasi Agama dan Budaya dalam Komunitas Pemberdayaan: Studi Empiris Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Perempuan Payungi Metro-Lampung

“…Perempuan-perempuan hampir di semua sektor sejauh ini menerima berbagai macam pola diskriminasi (Fattore et al, 2020;SteelFisher et al, 2019), baik di dalam keluarga (Cerrato & Cifre, 2018;Sullivan, 2019), di ruang publik (Jones et al, 2018), di ruang kerja (Bastian et al, 2019;Hardies et al, 2021;Kim et al, 2020;Manzi, 2019;Pitot et al, 2022), pendidikan (Assoumou-ella, 2019;Baliamoune-Lutz & McGillivray, 2015;Cooray & Potrafke, 2011;Karoui & Feki, 2018;Zeng et al, 2014) dan sektor-sektor lainnya. Keadaan ini banyak dipengaruhi oleh pengarusutamaan gender yang tidak memposisikan perempuan sebagaimana mestinya dan mengabaikan nilai-nilai kesetaraan.…”