Experiences of Social Discrimination Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Shanghai, China

Liu, Jenny X.; Choi, Kyung Hee

doi:10.1007/s10461-006-9123-5

Cited by 158 publications

(153 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…First, like other socially marginalized communities, MSM may face higher stress or depression related to discrimination, resolving sexual identity, and challenges in eliciting social support, particularly among Chinese MSM. Same-sex sexual relationships are regulated by social factors (Choi et al, 2003;J. X. Liu & Choi, 2006;Pilcher, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Correlates of Tobacco Use Among a Sample of MSM in Shanghai, China

Berg

Nehl

Wong

et al. 2010

Nicotine & Tobacco Research

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Introduction: Men who have sex with men (MSM) have higher smoking rates than the general population in the United States, but less is known about smoking among MSM in developing countries. Thus, we examined the prevalence and correlates of smoking among MSM in China. Methods:We conducted a cross-sectional study of 404 MSM in Shanghai, China (half of whom were male sex workers), recruited through respondent-driven sampling. Assessments included sociodemographics; tobacco, alcohol, and drug use; the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D); the Social Provisions Scale (SPS); and the Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identity Scale (LGBIS). Results:Smoking prevalence was 65.9% in this sample. Recent smoking (i.e., in the past 3 months) was significantly associated with lower education, greater alcohol use, and higher LGBIS scores, after controlling for important sociodemographics. Among smokers, smoking ≥10 cigarettes per day (CPD), in comparison with <10 CPD, was related to older age and lower LGBIS scores and marginally related to heavy alcohol use. Although bivariate analyses indicated a relationship of CES-D and SPS scores to recent smoking, these factors did not contribute to the regression models. Conclusions:Smoking rates among MSM in China are higher than MSM in the United States and men in China. Less comfort with one's sexual orientation was related to smoking, particularly light smoking. Heavier alcohol consumption, lower education, and older age were also associated with smoking. Future research should confirm these findings and examine mediators and moderators of these relationships in order to inform cessation interventions and tobacco control policy. Brief Report

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Correlates of Tobacco Use Among a Sample of MSM in Shanghai, China

Berg

Nehl

Wong

et al. 2010

Nicotine & Tobacco Research

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“…25,26 MSM are socially marginalized and a stigmatized group in Chinese society; the traditional Chinese culture does not openly endorse homosexual behaviors. 27,28 Most MSM, under social pressure, hide their sexual orientation. Approximately one third are married and an even higher proportion of Chinese MSM have had sex with women.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlates of Incident Infections for HIV, Syphilis, and Hepatitis B Virus in A Cohort of Men Who Have Sex with Men in Beijing

Jia

Ruan

et al. 2010

AIDS Patient Care and STDs

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Recent data suggest that the prevalence of HIV/syphilis infections among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China increased rapidly. This cohort study was to assess the correlates of the incident infections for HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B virus (HBV) among sexually active and HIV-negative MSM in China. A cohort of 507 HIVseronegative MSM was recruited from November 2006 to February 2007. Sociodemographics, sexual and drug use behaviors, uptake of HIV-prevention services, and HIV, syphilis, and HBV seroconversions were assessed at 6-and 12-month follow-up. The incidence rates were 2.6 per 100 person-years for HIV, 16.9 per 100 person-years for syphilis, and 3.3 per 100 person-years for HBV. Multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that syphilis infection (hazard ratio [HR] ¼ 3.6; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-11.6) and no perceived risk of HIV infection (HR ¼ 6.0; 95% CI: 1.6-22.7) were independently associated with HIV seroconversion. Predictors for syphilis seroconversion included less education (HR ¼ 1.87; 95% CI: 1.1-3.3), found male sex partners through bathhouses/public washrooms/parks (HR ¼ 2.19; 95% CI: 1.2-4.0), drank alcohol 4 or more times monthly (HR ¼ 1.95; 95% CI: 1.1-3.6), and had sexually transmitted diseases (HR ¼ 2.65; 95% CI: 1.5-4.5). The only predictor for incident HBV seroconvension was having more male sex partners in the past 3 months (HR ¼ 11.8; 95% CI: 1.5-90.4). Alarmingly high incidence rates of HIV, syphilis, and HBV were found among MSM concurrently with high prevalent risky behaviors and low uptakes of health care services. The findings of this study underscore the urgent needs for a comprehensive intervention strategy to curtail the rapid spread of HIV, syphilis, and HBV.

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“…This approach is certainly appropriate in societies with strong stigma towards homosexuality and HIV/AIDS. Although homosexual activities became legal in China since 1997, Chinese MSM still experience social discrimination from family members, peers, and colleagues (Liu & Choi, 2006). Such environments lead many MSM to hide their sexual orientation and express their sexual behavior secretly where they cannot be reached by public health or other government officials (Xu, Zhang, & Zheng, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Joint Marketing as a Framework for Targeting Men Who Have Sex With Men in China: A Pilot Intervention Study

Tan¹,

Cai²,

Lu³

et al. 2013

AIDS Education and Prevention

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To apply the joint marketing principle as a new intervention approach for targeting men who have sex with men (MSM) who are often difficult to reach in societies with discrimination towards homosexuality and HIV/ AIDS. A pilot intervention according to the principles of joint marketing was carried out by the CDC in Shenzhen, China, in MSM social venues. A self-designed questionnaire of HIV knowledge, condom use, and access to HIV-related services was used before and after the pilot intervention to evaluate its effectiveness. The CDC supported gatekeepers of MSM social venues in running their business and thereby increasing their respectability and income. In return, the gatekeepers cooperated with the CDC in reaching the MSM at the venues with health promotion messages and materials. Thus a win-win situation was created, bringing together two noncompetitive parties in reaching out to a shared customer, the MSM. The pilot intervention succeeded in demonstrating acceptability and feasibility of the joint marketing approach targeting MSM. HIV knowledge, the rate of condom use, and access to HIV-related services of participants in the pilot intervention increased significantly. The joint marketing intervention is an innovative way to create synergies between the gatekeepers of MSM social venues and public health officials for reaching and potentially changing HIV high-risk behaviors among MSM.

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Experiences of Social Discrimination Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Shanghai, China

Cited by 158 publications

References 21 publications

Prevalence and Correlates of Tobacco Use Among a Sample of MSM in Shanghai, China

Prevalence and Correlates of Tobacco Use Among a Sample of MSM in Shanghai, China

Correlates of Incident Infections for HIV, Syphilis, and Hepatitis B Virus in A Cohort of Men Who Have Sex with Men in Beijing

Joint Marketing as a Framework for Targeting Men Who Have Sex With Men in China: A Pilot Intervention Study

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