“…Existing literature on African immigrants in Southern Africa has mainly focused on migration trends (Daimon, 2021(Daimon, , 2017Groves, 2011Groves, , 2012Groves, , 2020Johnson, 2017), illegal migration (Martin, Abella & Kuptsch. 2006) and migrant literacy practices (Kajee, 2011;Ergul & Kajee, 2014;Ngoh & Kajee, 2018;Mbembi-Mafandala, 2014). A few South African-based studies have focused on language maintenance and transmission among African immigrant families.…”