Experiências de quase morte em parada cardíaca: implicações para o conceito de mente não local

Abstract

Background: Near-death experiences (NDE) are vivid, realistic, and often deeply life-changing experiences occurring to people who have been physiologically or psychologically close to death. NDE sometimes occur during cardiac arrest, in the absence of recordable brain activity. Objective: To review prospective studies of cardiac arrest-induced NDE and examine the implications of these studies for the concept of non-local mind. Method: PubMed was the main database used for this review. Key search terms included "cardiac arrest", "near-death experiences", "physiology of near-death experience", and "veridical out-of-body--experiences". Results: Several prospective studies show an average incidence of cardiac arrest-induced NDE of 10%-20%, irrespective of sociodemographic status, sex, religion, or any consistent medical, physiological, or pharmacological measures. NDErs are more likely than non-NDErs to have positive life changes lasting many years following the experience. Discussion: Physicalist theories of the mind cannot explain how NDErs can experience -while their hearts are stopped and brain activity is seemingly absent -vivid and complex thoughts, and acquire veridical information about objects or events remote from their bodies. NDE in cardiac arrest suggest that mind is non-local, i.e. it is not generated by the brain, and it is not confined to the brain and the body.

Experiência de quase morte: revisão sistemática de literatura, abordagens e implicações clínicas

“…De acordo com um levantamento realizado por Haesler (2013), existem diversas mudanças de vidas, positivas, relatadas por pacientes após experiência de quase morte durante uma parada cardíaca. Foi observado que a maioria deles se tornaram pessoas mais empáticas, preocupados com a justiça social, mais apegados à natureza e com maior crença na vida após a morte.…”

“…Os dados demográficos referentes às EQMs ainda são relativamente escassos e precisam ser mais estudados. Segundo Haesler (2013), a incidência é maior em populações mais jovens e as mulheres apresentam propensão a EQMs mais profundas do que os homens, apesar de a chance de ocorrência ser a mesma para ambos os sexos.…”

Development of a Brief Psychotherapy modality entitled RIME in a hospital setting using alchemical images

“…The instruments used in the collection of qualitative data were recorded semistructured interviews and graphical representations, prior to the 1st and after the 3rd RIME sessions. The main theoretical frameworks used for the development of the RIME were Analytical Psychology (Jung, 1967(Jung, , 1968a(Jung, , 1968b(Jung, , 1969(Jung, , 1972 and Near Death Experiences (Fenwick, 2013;Greyson, 2007;Trent-Von & Beauregard, 2013;van Lommel, 2004van Lommel, , 2013van Lommel, Wees, Meyers, & Elfferich, 2001).…”

“…The application of the RIME started with exercises to induce of a state of mental relaxation through, slow deep breathing and listening to soft music previously chosen by the patient. The next step consisted of the visualization of a nature image, also chosen by the patient (a flower garden with a small waterfall, a serene lake at the base of the mountains, a quite river cutting through a field, or a tranquil beach with calm sea), in which a Supreme Spiritual Being of Light that emanates unconditional love, previously defined by the patient according to their religion, waits to accompany her through this experience The Spiritual Being of Light has a dual representation: in the symbolic socio-psychic dimension, it represents the Self, internal source, (Jung, 1968a), and in the spiritual dimension, it represents the psychic contact of the patient with the Beings of Light, external source (Fenwick, 2013;Greyson, 2007;Trent-Von & Beauregard, 2013;van Lommel, 2004van Lommel, , 2013van Lommel et al, 2001), i.e., with Unconditional Love, the Sacred, represented by the cultural dimension of their religion.…”