Experiment-Based Interventions to Diabetic Retinopathy: Present and Advances

Abstract

Diabetic retinopathy is the major blinding disease among working-age populations, which is becoming more significant due to the growth of diabetes. The metabolic-induced oxidative and inflammatory stress leads to the insult of neovascular unit, resulting in the core pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy. Existing therapies focus on the inflammation, oxidation, and angiogenesis phenomena of diabetic retinopathy, without effect to radically cure the disease. This review also summarizes novel therapeutic attempts for diabetic retinopathy along with their advantages and disadvantages, mainly focusing on those using cellular and genetic techniques to achieve remission on a fundamental level of disease.

Investigation of The Effect of Acylthiourea Derivatives on Diabetes‐Associated Enzymes

“…On the other hand, microvascular issues result in retinopathy, which causes blindness and impotence, diabetic foot diseases, neuropathy, which can result in infections and amputations, and kidney damage (nephropathy), which results in kidney failure. [7,8] Damage to larger blood arteries results in macrovascular problems. Cardiovascular conditions like heart attacks, leg ischemia, and stroke are examples of macrovascular problems.…”

Therapeutic Investigation of Palm Oil Mill Effluent-Derived Beta-Carotene in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Retinopathy via the Regulation of Blood–Retina Barrier Functions

“…Moreover, the administration of BC is also known to enhance catalase activity to enhance cytoprotective actions [ 60 ]. Moreover, DEX also possesses potential pleiotropic actions against various diseases, including DR, due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-leukemic, and immunosuppressive actions [ 61 , 62 ]. In diabetic rats, DEX, a type of corticosteroid, can block the intracellular inflammatory signaling of lipid mediators, such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes [ 63 ].…”

AAV-Based Strategies for Treatment of Retinal and Choroidal Vascular Diseases: Advances in Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Diabetic Retinopathy Therapies

“…Hyperglycaemia is the main contributor to DR development and progression by driving different metabolic pathways that result in oxidative stress, inflammation, microvascular dysfunction, and mitochondrial damage. In turn, these processes upregulate factors associated with BRB disruption and production of proangiogenic factors and hormones, leading to proliferative DR and DME [ 114 , 115 ]. Other events, including neurodegeneration and activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), have also been implicated in DR development [ 104 ].…”

“…Other events, including neurodegeneration and activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), have also been implicated in DR development [ 104 ]. Although pathways triggered by hyperglycaemia underlie the pathophysiology of DR, retinal insults persist even after blood glucose is controlled, a phenomenon known as metabolic memory [ 115 ]. The molecular mechanism driving this phenomenon remains unclear, but the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and its resulting epigenetic modifications are thought to play crucial roles in this process [ 115 , 116 ].…”

“…The management of this multifactorial and complex disease includes surgical interventions such as panretinal laser photocoagulation and vitrectomy, as well as administration of anti-VEGF and anti-inflammatory agents [ 117 , 118 ]. However, as invasive procedures are associated with attendant adverse effects, the use and success of these interventions can be limited [ 104 , 115 ]. Furthermore, these therapies only ameliorate vision temporarily and are not able to fully attenuate disease progression or reverse the ocular damage, prompting the investigation of new strategies, including gene therapies [ 118 , 119 ].…”