Experimental Analysis of Fast Crack Growth in Elastomers

Mai, Thanh-Tam; Morishita, Yoshihiro; Tsunoda, Katsuhiko; Urayama, Kenji

doi:10.1007/12_2021_109

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…This observation of SSZ at each temperature supports the generic depiction of Figure 2b and is also consistent with the recent studies 59,60 of fluorogenic mechanophore-containing PMA elastomers, where it was shown that at a low temperature mechanochemical activities took place a hundred microns away from the fracture surface. The observed SSZ reminds us of the reported strain saturation 103 of SBR according to digital image correlation (DIC) measurements. It is reasonable that the strain and birefringence saturation have the same physical origin, dictated by the tip geometry.…”

Section: Ductile Failuresupporting

confidence: 82%

Fracture Behavior of Polymers in Plastic and Elastomeric States

Wang,

Fan,

Gupta

et al. 2024

Macromolecules

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Our recent studies departed from the conventional description of polymer fracture behavior while maintaining consistency with the principles of material mechanics including linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). In traditional fracture mechanics of brittle materials, crack resistance is quantified in terms of toughness G c , which represents the critical energy release per unit fracture surface area. This perspective suggests that high G c involved high energy dissipation. A new perspective has surfaced, proposing a fundamental yet underexplored, seemingly universal fracture mechanism and explaining the origin of high G c within an alternative framework. According to this view, for unfilled plastics and elastomers, f racture initiates when local tensile stress surpasses the polymer's f racture strength σ F(inh) , and high toughness is a consequence of high fracture strength. Remarkably, for polymers in both plastic and elastomeric states, their inherent strength σ F(inh) appears to be of a comparable magnitude to the nominal tensile strength σ b . Spatial−temporal resolved polarized optical microscopic (str-POM) measurements have started to provide insight into the fracture mechanism and unveil a concealed length scale (P) representing the size of a stress saturation zone at the crack tip. The two-parameter theoretical framework shows (a) toughness of brittle plastics increases quadratically with its strength σ F(inh) and linearly with P and (b) elastomers exhibit significantly greater toughness and higher tensile strength at lower temperatures due to the increased stability of covalent bonds given the lower thermal energy and plausible frictional effect on bond vibration frequency. Embracing this emerging paradigm where we recognize polymer strength to be time-dependent, we anticipate new advancements in polymer design and a clearer understanding of the fracture behavior of polymeric materials.

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Section: Ductile Failuresupporting

confidence: 82%

Fracture Behavior of Polymers in Plastic and Elastomeric States

Wang,

Fan,

Gupta

et al. 2024

Macromolecules

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“…The distribution of 2D displacement gradient tensor that characterizes the non‐uniform strain field was evaluated by analyzing the captured speckle images using the VIC‐2D software (Correlated Solutions). [ 69 ] The 2D local strain tensor at each position measured in laboratory (X, Y) coordinates was calculated from the corresponding displacement gradient tensor. [ 54 ] The DIC analysis also identifies the major and minor principal strains ( ε 1 and ε 2 , respectively, in true strain) both in magnitudes and directions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unraveling Non‐Uniform Strain‐Induced Crystallization Near a Crack Tip in Natural Rubber

Mai,

Yasui,

Tanaka

et al. 2024

Advanced Science

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Strain‐induced crystallization (SIC) in natural rubber (NR) near crack tips significantly enhances crack growth resistance, but understanding the interplay between local strain field and crystallization remains challenging due to confined and heterogeneous characteristics. Using micro‐scale digital image correlation (DIC) and scanning wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD, with a narrow 10 µm square beam), this study maps local strain tensor properties and SIC in the vicinity of the crack tip and its peripheral zone (≈3 mm × 1 mm area). The analysis reveals a significant correlation between these properties. In the peripheral zone, there is a noticeable deviation of both the principal strain axis and the crystal orientation from the crack opening direction. These deviations are linearly correlated, which indicates that shear strain plays a significant role in determining the crystal orientation. Crucially, the maximum tensile component in the tensor of local principal strains predominantly dictates local crystallinity. This simplicity is attributed to the limited variation in types of deformation within the SIC region, with corresponding to deformations falling between planar and uniaxial stretching. These findings pave the way for predicting crystallinity distribution using solely strain field data, offering valuable insights into the role of SIC in enhancing the crack growth resistance of NR.

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“…The distribution of 2D displacement gradient tensor that characterizes the non-uniform strain field was evaluated by analyzing the captured speckle images using the VIC-2D software (Correlated Solutions) (57). The 2D local strain tensor at each position measured in laboratory (X, Y) coordinates was calculated from the corresponding displacement gradient tensor (48).…”

Section: Characterization Of Strain Field Near Crack Tipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unraveling non-uniform strain-induced crystallization near a crack tip in natural rubber

Urayama,

Mai,

Yasui

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Strain-induced crystallization (SIC) in natural rubber near crack tips significantly enhances crack growth resistance, but understanding the interplay between local strain field and crystallization remains challenging due to confined and heterogeneous characteristics. Using micro-scale digital image correlation and scanning wide-angle X-ray diffraction (with a narrow 10 µm square beam), this study maps local strain tensor properties and SIC in the vicinity of the crack tip and its peripheral zone (approximately 3 x 1 mm area). The analysis reveals a significant correlation between these properties, with the spatial distribution of the local principal strain axis influencing crystal orientation. Crucially, the maximum tensile component in the tensor of local principal strains predominantly dictates local crystallinity, irrespective of strain biaxiality. This finding paves the way for predicting crystallinity distribution using solely strain field data, offering valuable insights into the role of SIC in enhancing the crack growth resistance of natural rubber.

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Experimental Analysis of Fast Crack Growth in Elastomers

Cited by 3 publications

References 79 publications

Fracture Behavior of Polymers in Plastic and Elastomeric States

Fracture Behavior of Polymers in Plastic and Elastomeric States

Unraveling Non‐Uniform Strain‐Induced Crystallization Near a Crack Tip in Natural Rubber

Unraveling non-uniform strain-induced crystallization near a crack tip in natural rubber

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