“…However, KSO also contains up to 15% cyclopropenoid fatty acids [ 6 ], which are toxic, rendering KSO unsuitable for consumption as an edible oil [ [7] , [8] , [9] , [10] ]. Various non-edible applications for KSO have been explored, including biodiesel [ [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] ], nanofluid [ 16 , 17 ], bio-lubricant [ 18 ], and antibacterial [ 19 ].…”