Experimental and kinetic studies of extinction limits of counterflow cool and hot diffusion flames of ammonia/n-dodecane

Xu, Shuang; Li, Gesheng; Zhou, Mengni; Yu, Wei; Zhang, Zunhua; Hou, Di; Yu, Fenglei

doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2022.112316

Cited by 25 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Analogous to the use of diesel, many other organic compounds such as biodiesel [144], kerosene [145,146] and hydrocarbons such as n-heptane [147][148][149][150], dodecane [142,151,152], n-decane [153] or n-hexane [154] have been studied as potential fuels for CI engines in blends with ammonia. Regarding oxygenated compounds, dimethyl ether (DME) [80,109,143,148] and diethyl ether have also exhibited very good results as solvents for ammonia in dual mixtures [77,79,155].…”

Section: Green Ammonia As a Fuel For Compression Ignition (Ci) Enginesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Research on Green Ammonia (NH3) as a Potential Vector Energy for Power Storage and Engine Fuels: A Review

et al. 2023

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Considering the renewable electricity production using sustainable technologies, such as solar photovoltaics or wind turbines, it is essential to have systems that allow for storing the energy produced during the periods of lower consumption as well as the energy transportation through the distribution network. Despite hydrogen being considered a good candidate, it presents several problems related to its extremely low density, which requires the use of very high pressures to store it. In addition, its energy density in volumetric terms is still clearly lower than that of most liquid fuels. These facts have led to the consideration of ammonia as an alternative compound for energy storage or as a carrier. In this sense, this review deals with the evaluation of using green ammonia for different energetic purposes, such as an energy carrier vector, an electricity generator and E-fuel. In addition, this study has addressed the latest studies that propose the use of nitrogen-derived compounds, i.e., urea, hydrazine, ammonium nitrate, etc., as alternative fuels. In this study, the possibility of using other nitrogen-derived compounds, i.e., an update of the ecosystem surrounding green ammonia, has been assessed, from production to consumption, including storage, transportation, etc. Additionally, the future challenges in achieving a technical and economically viable energy transition have been determined.

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Section: Green Ammonia As a Fuel For Compression Ignition (Ci) Enginesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Research on Green Ammonia (NH3) as a Potential Vector Energy for Power Storage and Engine Fuels: A Review

et al. 2023

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“…The updated NH 3 / n -heptane blending mechanism presents significant improvement in predicting IDTs , compared to the original one. Xu et al measured the IDTs of the NH 3 /NC 12 H 26 mixture in a shock tube (ST) and developed a blending mechanism containing a C–N interaction subset. Results show that the constructed mechanism predicts the experimental IDTs well.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating Autoignition Characteristics of Ammonia/Heptamethylnonane Mixtures Over Wide Pressure Ranges: Rapid Compression Machine Measurements and Kinetic Modeling Study

Zhang,

Zhou,

et al. 2024

Energy Fuels

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Ammonia (NH 3 ) blending combustion with highreactivity fuel has garnered substantial attention in terms of decarbonization potential in internal combustion engines. 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-Heptamethylnonane, denoted as HMN, an important large-molecular weight component for diesel and jet fuel surrogates, was selected to be blended with NH 3 in this study. The ignition delay times (IDTs) of NH 3 /HMN mixtures were measured using a heated rapid compression machine (RCM) over an extensive range of conditions (temperature of 680−1025 K, pressure of 20−100 bar, equivalence ratios of 0.5−1.0, and NH 3 energy ratio (NER) of 50−90%). Experimental results show that increasing the pressure, equivalence ratio, and oxygen concentration reduces both the total and first-stage IDTs, while an increase in the NH 3 energy ratio prolongs the IDTs. For the mixture with the lowest NH 3 energy ratio of 50%, non-Arrhenius-type behavior was observed at a pressure of 20 bar, while it transfers to a monotonic decrease of IDTs with increasing temperature at a pressure of 40 bar. An NH 3 /HMN blending mechanism was developed by merging individual NH 3 and HMN submechanisms, updating NH 3 submechanism, and adding C−N cross-reaction subset. Simulation results show that under most experimental conditions, the blending mechanism exhibits reasonable prediction on the measured NH 3 /HMN IDTs. Kinetic analysis shows that the discrepancy in the first-stage ignition between experiments and simulations may be associated with the inaccurate OH consumption proportion between HMN and NH 3 , while at the intermediate-temperature region, it may be related to the core C 0 −C 4 mechanism and the NH 3 -related reactions. Further experimental or quantum calculations are needed in the future to refine the NH 3 /HMN blending mechanism on the basis of this work.

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“…Otomo et al optimized the prediction model of ammonia combustion based on the model of Song et al The calculated flame speed and ignition delay time are consistent with experimental data under a wider variety of working conditions, and the mechanism is relatively simple, which can greatly reduce the resources required for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculation. Hou et al , conducted relevant experiments on the combustion of ammonia combined with various fuels and developed the associated ammonia dual-fuel combustion prediction model. Certain data support for the simulation was provided by the studies of Li et al who studied the spray and combustion process of ammonia and compared it to diesel and other fuels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation Research on the Injection Strategy of a Diesel-Ammonia Dual-Fuel Marine Engine

et al. 2023

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Currently, most ships still rely on fossil fuels as the main source for marine engines. However, diesel as a fuel for marine engines is no longer sufficient to meet the economic requirements of shipping and emission restrictions imposed by regulations as a result of the depletion of fossil fuels and the pollution generated by their burning. This research examined the viability of employing hydrogen-carrying fuel ammonia (NH 3 ) in marine engines to develop a low-carbon combustion technology, to address the carbon emission problem of marine diesel engines. The results demonstrate that a greater proportion of ignition fuel must be injected into the burning of ammonia due to its higher ignition energy requirements. And ammonia has a high evaporation rate, so it is important to properly extend the injection duration to lower the combustion rate and keep the maximum explosion pressure in the cylinder under control. If the injection duration of the original engine's diesel mode is maintained in dual-fuel mode, the explosion pressure in the cylinder can increase by more than 5 MPa, exceeding the limit of the original engine. However, by extending the original engine duration, the maximum explosion pressure returned to the original engine level. The starting point of the in-cylinder combustion can be efficiently regulated by changing the injection timing. Under typical injection intervals, the heat released rate (HRR) curve shifted with ammonia injection time, and rough combustion occurred only when the injection interval between the ignition fuel and ammonia was too short. According to the simulation, with all other conditions held constant, the optimal fuel injection strategy maintains the in-cylinder pressure of the engine at the diesel engine's original level in the dual-fuel mode. Additionally, it reduced carbon emissions by over 90% and NOx emissions by approximately 70% compared with the original diesel engine.

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Experimental and kinetic studies of extinction limits of counterflow cool and hot diffusion flames of ammonia/n-dodecane

Cited by 25 publications

References 65 publications

Current Research on Green Ammonia (NH3) as a Potential Vector Energy for Power Storage and Engine Fuels: A Review

Current Research on Green Ammonia (NH3) as a Potential Vector Energy for Power Storage and Engine Fuels: A Review

Investigating Autoignition Characteristics of Ammonia/Heptamethylnonane Mixtures Over Wide Pressure Ranges: Rapid Compression Machine Measurements and Kinetic Modeling Study

Simulation Research on the Injection Strategy of a Diesel-Ammonia Dual-Fuel Marine Engine

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