Experimental and Modeling Evaluations of a Vacuum-Insulated Catalytic Converter

Adamczyk, Andrew A.; Hubbard, Carolyn P.; Ament, Frank; Oh, Se H.; Brady, Michael; Yee, Michael

doi:10.4271/1999-01-3678

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Equation (8) is shown as follows where T melt is the time for PCM to melt in seconds, S represents the average drive cycle speed in mph and A is the average positive drive cycle acceleration in mph/s. Equation (8) was obtained using second-order linear regression with interaction terms. To check the accuracy of this result, the GT-Suite based PCM melt times were compared with the MATLAB regression equation-based PCM melt times for the simulated drive cycles.…”

Section: Statistical Analysis Of Real-world Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further testing and analysis by NREL and Benteler Automotive 6,7 demonstrated the heat retention capacity of the VICC, with non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) and CO emissions reductions of 66% and 65%, respectively. However, another set of vehicle tests using ceramic monoliths 8 questioned the ability of the VICC to fully melt the PCM during real-world driving cycles and therefore its ability to reduce cold-start exhaust emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insulated catalyst with heat storage for real-world vehicle emissions reduction

Daya

Hoard

Chanda³

et al. 2017

International Journal of Engine Research

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In previous publications, the model development and simulation of a vacuum-insulated catalytic converter was presented. GT-Suite model simulations demonstrated the heat retention capacity of the converter and corresponding emissions reductions. This article provides an update of the converter model development and analysis of real-world benefits of the converter. The vehicle-aftertreatment model of the vacuum-insulated catalytic converter was improved significantly, and detailed explanations of all theoretical modeling considerations are presented. In the absence of experimental data, a flow test experiment was conducted to measure the flow rate in exhaust tailpipe during vehicle soak due to thermosiphon. These results were used as inputs in the GT-Suite model simulations of conventional and hybrid electric vehicles. New model simulations demonstrated the ability of the vacuum-insulated catalytic converter to achieve significant emissions reductions following vehicle soaks of up to 18 h. To examine the real-world benefits of the converter, driving data were obtained from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and a MATLAB code was developed to statistically analyze 23,156 drive cycles. The vacuum-insulated catalytic converter was simulated on standard drive cycles to develop a correlation between melt time of the phase-change material and average drive cycle speed and acceleration. This correlation was used to predict the probability that the phase-change material will melt in a given real-world driving cycle. The MATLAB code was also used to calculate the soak time and re-solidification time probability. Finally, Federal Test Procedure emission results were weighted with the soak time probabilities. This analysis showed that in real-world driving conditions, the vacuum-insulated catalytic converter is expected to reduce cold-start CO and hydrocarbon emissions by 26% and 48%, respectively.

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Section: Statistical Analysis Of Real-world Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insulated catalyst with heat storage for real-world vehicle emissions reduction

Daya

Hoard

Chanda³

et al. 2017

International Journal of Engine Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…E.K orin and others on the catalysts using phase change energy storage, when starting out storage heat warms catalysts as soon as possible to achieve [5] . In addition, Adamczyk, puts forward the Vacuum adiabatic VICC (Vacuum Insulated Catalytic Converter) [6] , reduce heat conduction and radiation loss, in order to improve the heat capacity, realize the long span of time energy storage and temperature cooling from 600 to 250 ℃, thermal insulation properties from 20 ~ 30 min up to 18 ~ 24 h. Shen Weidong researchers such as PCM encapsulation and fill in the balloon in porous adiabatic vacuum thermal storage device, charger, exothermic experiments, carried out using vehicle flow and heat transfer of the latent heat storage heat exchanger experimental study [7] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Experiment Research on Storage Characteristic of PCM Storage Device by Spheres Piled Encapsulated for Vehicle Waste Heat

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2014

AMR

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For the thermal environment and the warming requirement of Vehicle, carry out experiment study on heat storage characteristic of phase change materials (PCM) encapsulated by Spherical stack. heat storage and release experiment process , changing factors such as medium flow rate and melting point which impact on PCM heat transfer characteristics , melting rate and response time have been analyzed. The results show that within the scope of experiment high medium flow rate is conducive to promote PCM melting rate and heat storage. In the experiments process, high melting point of PCM storage heat grade is high, but the low melting point of PCM is more suitable for vehicle motor, batteries in low temperature waste heat recovery. At the same time, multi-melting point PCM storage device with spheres piled encapsulated delamination mixed stowage was better satisfy the different condition of waste heat recovery and utilization than single melting point of PCM.

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“…Strategies for reducing cold-start emissions include electrically heated catalysts, 1À10 fuel-burner heated catalysts, 11,12 hydrocarbon adsorbers, 13À17 exhaust gas ignitors, 18 and energy storage devices. 19,20 Electrically heated converter (EHC) technology is designed to heat the incoming exhaust gas via resistive heating of a metal-substrate monolith catalyst (mounted ahead of a conventional ceramic-substrate catalytic converter) using electrical power drawn from a vehicle battery or alternator. This technology has been extensively investigated for the control of cold-start HC emissions from conventional stoichiometric gasoline engines, addressing topics such as electrical power/energy reduction strategies, determination of the best size regime for the electric heater, and optimization of EHC system configuration.…”

Section: ' Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since a large fraction (typically >80% for late model gasoline vehicles) of the total exhaust emissions of HC and CO occurs during the first few minutes after an engine cold start, it is crucial to further shorten the time required for an exhaust catalyst to reach its operating temperature in order to meet the stringent future emission control requirements. Strategies for reducing cold-start emissions include electrically heated catalysts, − fuel-burner heated catalysts, , hydrocarbon adsorbers, − exhaust gas ignitors, and energy storage devices. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrically Heated Catalysts for Hybrid Applications: Mathematical Modeling and Analysis

Ramanathan

Bissett

2011

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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In view of the significant cold-start hydrocarbon emission reduction potential of the electrically heated converter (EHC) technology for conventional stoichiometric gasoline engines, there is considerable interest in better understanding of the thermal and emission performance characteristics and optimizing the design/operating aspects of an EHC system as applied to plugin hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and extended-range electric vehicles (EREVs). The application of the EHC technology to these hybrid vehicles is unique in that catalyst cooling to below reaction temperatures can occur during extended periods of electric vehicle driving (with engine off) or during intermittent engine stops/starts, and the EHC can be heated prior to engine start (preheating) for enhanced emission reduction. In this study, the design aspects and heating strategies of an EHC system have been analyzed using a transient monolith converter model which accounts for the resistive heating of an inert metalÀsubstrate monolith placed ahead of a conventional three-way catalytic converter. The results of model calculations presented here quantify the effects of various heating strategies on the emission performance of hybrid vehicles during the first 250 s of the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) drive cycle. It is also shown that there exists an optimum electric heater volume for cases with either preheating only or a combination of pre-and postheating. For the latter case, the emission performance can be further improved by adding a smaller electric heater (downstream of the existing heater) which is capable of heating the gas rapidly and efficiently during postheating. ' INTRODUCTIONAs part of the continuing drive toward near-zero vehicle emissions, another round of stricter exhaust emission regulations is expected to be in place by the middle of this decade, including the fleet-average SULEV (super ultra-low emission vehicle) emission requirement in California starting in 2014. The SULEV standards are very stringent particularly with respect to allowed tailpipe hydrocarbon (HC) emission levels, mandating a 9-fold reduction from the current Tier 2 Bin 5 HC standard. Since a large fraction (typically >80% for late model gasoline vehicles) of the total exhaust emissions of HC and CO occurs during the first few minutes after an engine cold start, it is crucial to further shorten the time required for an exhaust catalyst to reach its operating temperature in order to meet the stringent future emission control requirements. Strategies for reducing cold-start emissions include electrically heated catalysts, 1À10 fuel-burner heated catalysts, 11,12 hydrocarbon adsorbers, 13À17 exhaust gas ignitors, 18 and energy storage devices. 19,20 Electrically heated converter (EHC) technology is designed to heat the incoming exhaust gas via resistive heating of a metal-substrate monolith catalyst (mounted ahead of a conventional ceramic-substrate catalytic converter) using electrical power drawn from a vehicle battery or alternator. This technology has been exte...

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Experimental and Modeling Evaluations of a Vacuum-Insulated Catalytic Converter

Cited by 11 publications

References 10 publications

Insulated catalyst with heat storage for real-world vehicle emissions reduction

Insulated catalyst with heat storage for real-world vehicle emissions reduction

The Experiment Research on Storage Characteristic of PCM Storage Device by Spheres Piled Encapsulated for Vehicle Waste Heat

Electrically Heated Catalysts for Hybrid Applications: Mathematical Modeling and Analysis

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