Experimental and Numerical Impact Analysis of Automotive Bumper Brackets Made of 2D Triaxially Braided CFRP Composites

Böhm, Robert; Hornig, Andreas; Weber, Tony; Grüber, Bernd; Gude, Μaik

doi:10.3390/ma13163554

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Metal matrix composites (MMCs), as one of the suitable alternatives for steels, due to their good mechanical properties and light weight, have received special attention in various industries, including the automotive industry [1][2][3][4]. In the meantime, one of the most widely used MMCs in automobiles is Aluminum Matrix Composites (AMCs) [5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Approach for Analyzing the Effects of Almen Intensity on the Residual Stress and Hardness of Shot-Peened (TiB + TiC)/Ti–6Al–4V Composite: Deep Learning

et al. 2023

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In the present study, the experimental data of a shot-peened (TiB + TiC)/Ti–6Al–4V composite with two volume fractions of 5 and 8% for TiB + TiC reinforcements were used to develop a neural network based on the deep learning technique. In this regard, the distributions of hardness and residual stresses through the depth of the materials as the properties affected by shot peening (SP) treatment were modeled via the deep neural network. The values of the TiB + TiC content, Almen intensity, and depth from the surface were considered as the inputs, and the corresponding measured values of the residual stresses and hardness were regarded as the outputs. In addition, the surface coverage parameter was assumed to be constant in all samples, and only changes in the Almen intensity were considered as the SP process parameter. Using the presented deep neural network (DNN) model, the distributions of hardness and residual stress from the top surface to the core material were continuously evaluated for different combinations of input parameters, including the Almen intensity of the SP process and the volume fractions of the composite reinforcements.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Approach for Analyzing the Effects of Almen Intensity on the Residual Stress and Hardness of Shot-Peened (TiB + TiC)/Ti–6Al–4V Composite: Deep Learning

et al. 2023

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“…It is widely known that AM technologies, specifically the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method, have numerous benefits owing to the low price, flexibility, and simplicity with small amounts of waste material, which indeed open up endless possibilities in their utilization in engineering and industrial fields [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) has potential applications in the industrial field such as automotive bumper brackets [ 4 ] and the development of more durable wind turbines [ 5 ]. The printed composite materials must have a long service life in real applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Effects on Mechanical Strength of Additive Manufactured CFRP Composites at Stable and Cyclic Temperature

et al. 2022

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Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques can be applied to produce carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) elements. Such elements can be exposed to different environmental factors, e.g., temperature, moisture, and UV radiation, related to their operational conditions. From a variety of environmental factors, the temperature is one of the most typical. Temperature strongly influences matrix material joining together CFRP components, resulting in material strength reduction. Therefore, it is important to understand processes in the composite material caused by temperature. This experimental work investigated the thermal effects on the performances of AM CFRP composites. Specimens with unidirectional (UD) alignments of the fiber reinforcement were printed using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. The printed specimens were subjected to two different thermal conditions: stable continuous at 65 ∘C and cyclic temperature between 50 and 70 ∘C. Tensile testing was performed to study the mechanical strength and Young’s modulus of AM UD-CFRPs. In order to investigate the morphological structure on the surface of AM specimens, an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and digital microscope were utilized. Untreated (intact) samples attained the highest average tensile strength value of 226.14 MPa and Young’s modulus of 28.65 GPa. The ultimate tensile strength of the sample group subjected to stable heat treatment decreased to 217.99 MPa, while the thermal cycling group reduced to 204.41 MPa. The Young’s modulus of the sample group subjected to stable thermal exposure was decreased to 25.39 GPa, while for the thermal cycling group, it was reduced to 20.75 GPa. The visual investigations revealed that the intact or untreated specimen group exhibited lateral damage in top failure mode (LAT), the thermally stable group underwent edge delamination in the middle (DGM) as the nominated failure mode, and the explosive breakage at gauge in the middle (XGM) failure mode occurred in the sample from the thermal cycling group. Based on morphological observations at the microscale, the delamination, fiber pull-out, and matrix cracking were the dominant damages in the 3D-printed tensile-tested specimens. The molecular chains of the polymer changed their structure into an amorphous one, and only local motions of stretching occurred when the specimens were exposed to stable heating (prolonged). In the case of thermal cycling, the strain gradients were accumulated in the matrix material, and the local stresses increased as a result of the reheating and re-cooling exposure of the polymeric composites; the molecular motion of the long-range polymer structure was reactivated several times. Micro-cracking occurred as a result of internal stresses, which led to material failure and a reduction of the mechanical properties.

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“…Fibre reinforced plastics (FRPs) have become a widely used material for a broad range of structural applications. Especially, the high capacity for energy dissipation is exploited in components exposed to crash and impact loading scenarios in the automotive [1,2] and aviation industries [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Data Driven Modelling Approach for the Strain Rate Dependent 3D Shear Deformation and Failure of Thermoplastic Fibre Reinforced Composites: Experimental Characterisation and Deriving Modelling Parameters

et al. 2022

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The 3D shear deformation and failure behaviour of a glass fibre reinforced polypropylene in a shear strain rate range ofγ˙=2.2e−4;3.4e0/s 2.2 × 10−4 to 3.41/s is investigated. An Iosipescu testing setup on a servo-hydraulic high speed testing unit is used to experimentally characterise the in-plane and out-of-plane behaviour utilising three specimen configurations (12-, 13- and 31-direction). The experimental procedure as well as the testing results are presented and discussed. The measured shear stress–shear strain relations indicate a highly nonlinear behaviour and a distinct rate dependency. Two methods are investigated to derive according material characteristics: a classical engineering approach based on moduli and strengths and a data driven approach based on the curve progression. In all cases a Johnson–Cook based formulation is used to describe rate dependency. The analysis methodologies as well as the derived model parameters are described and discussed in detail. It is shown that a phenomenologically enhanced regression can be used to obtain material characteristics for a generalising constitutive model based on the data driven approach.

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Experimental and Numerical Impact Analysis of Automotive Bumper Brackets Made of 2D Triaxially Braided CFRP Composites

Cited by 12 publications

References 36 publications

A Novel Approach for Analyzing the Effects of Almen Intensity on the Residual Stress and Hardness of Shot-Peened (TiB + TiC)/Ti–6Al–4V Composite: Deep Learning

A Novel Approach for Analyzing the Effects of Almen Intensity on the Residual Stress and Hardness of Shot-Peened (TiB + TiC)/Ti–6Al–4V Composite: Deep Learning

Thermal Effects on Mechanical Strength of Additive Manufactured CFRP Composites at Stable and Cyclic Temperature

A Data Driven Modelling Approach for the Strain Rate Dependent 3D Shear Deformation and Failure of Thermoplastic Fibre Reinforced Composites: Experimental Characterisation and Deriving Modelling Parameters

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