Experimental and numerical investigation of soot growth and inception in an ammonia-ethylene flame

Zaher, Mohammed H.; Chu, Carson; Dadsetan, Mehran; Eaves, Nick A.; Thomson, Murray J.

doi:10.1016/j.proci.2022.07.175

Cited by 22 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…More information can be found in Table 1, and the airflow rate is 100 L/min. Flame images with different ammonia concentrations in laminar ethylene flames are shown in Figure 2, and it is found that the addition of NH 3 has almost no effect on flame heights, as has also been confirmed by Zaher et al, 35 who found that the flame heights still remained at 54 mm with ammonia addition. However, the flame heights in this study remain at approximately a value of 66 mm, maybe because of the different airflow rates although there is little difference in the fuel flow rate.…”

Section: Experiments and Numerical Simulationsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…(a–b) Measured and simulated temperature in ethylene/NH 3 flames; experimental results are from Zaher et al, Yu et al, and this study. (c–d) Measured and simulated soot volume fraction (ppm) in ammonia-ethylene flames; experimental results are from Zaher et al (e–f) Measured and simulated primary particle diameter (nm) in ammonia-ethylene flames; experimental results are from Zaher et al and Shi et al (b) Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2023 Elsevier.…”

Section: Verification Of the Kinetic Model And The Coflow Ethylene Di...mentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Research by Yu et al 33 and Yang et al 34 highlight the impact of inert gases on flame height and soot formation. The third approach involves maintaining the ethylene concentration while increasing the ammonia concentration, as employed by Zaher et al, 35 which allows for a more nuanced analysis of ammonia's effect on soot properties. This method (the third approach), also previously used in our research 36 to study the influences of NH 3 on soot properties, is employed in the present study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physical and Chemical Effects of Ammonia on Gas Emissions and Soot Formation in Laminar Coflow Ethylene Diffusion Flames

Qian,

Shi,

2024

Energy Fuels

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As a noncarbon fuel, ammonia is being explored as a potential alternative. This study delves into the physical and chemical impacts of ammonia in laminar coflow ethylene diffusion flames. Initially, an experiment is conducted to scrutinize the flame characteristics, including temperature, in these flames. Subsequently, a new C 2 H 4 −NH 3 −PAH model is developed and verified through ignition delay times, laminar flame speeds, and species profiles. Building on this model, the study analyzes the physical and chemical effects of ammonia on temperature, gas emissions (CO, CO 2 , NO, NO 2 , HCN, and N 2 O), formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the nucleation, condensation, growth, and oxidation of soot in laminar coflow ethylene diffusion flames. The findings reveal that under constant ethylene flow rates the use of ammonia has minimal impact on flame temperature. Moreover, ammonia decreases CO and CO 2 emissions primarily due to its dilution effect. However, gas emissions such as NO, NO 2 , HCN, and N 2 O significantly increase due to the chemical effect of ammonia. Furthermore, soot precursors noticeably decrease with the addition of NH 3 because of the inhibition of PAH formation through ammonia's dilution effect. Nevertheless, the chemical effect of ammonia plays a counterproductive role in reducing precursor formation, resulting in increased emissions of precursors A1−A4 due to the decreased free radicals. In the assessment of the nucleation, condensation, growth, and oxidation of soot in laminar coflow ethylene diffusion flames, the study indicates a substantial drop (25.7%) in the inception rate of A60 compared to A0 when using ammonia. It is noteworthy that the primary reason for the reduced soot formation with ammonia lies in the decrease of the inception rate through the dilution effect of ammonia and the inhibition of the hydrogen abstraction carbon addition (HACA) surface growth rate because the chemical effect of ammonia reduces free radical H and CH 3 concentrations.

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Section: Experiments and Numerical Simulationsupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Verification Of the Kinetic Model And The Coflow Ethylene Di...mentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physical and Chemical Effects of Ammonia on Gas Emissions and Soot Formation in Laminar Coflow Ethylene Diffusion Flames

Qian,

Shi,

2024

Energy Fuels

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“…1 Recently, a number of investigation have been carried out to assess the combustion properties of NH 3 , including flame speeds, 2 ignition delays, 3 extinction limits, 4 and emissions. 5,6 The studies improve our knowledge of NH 3 combustion and help us to understand how NH 3 fits into the future energy landscape.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…As a result of its low cost and mature production, ammonia (NH 3 ), a carbonless fuel, is considered to have an important role in the future carbon net-zero economy . Recently, a number of investigation have been carried out to assess the combustion properties of NH 3 , including flame speeds, ignition delays, extinction limits, and emissions. , The studies improve our knowledge of NH 3 combustion and help us to understand how NH 3 fits into the future energy landscape.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Ammonia Substitution in the Fuel Stream and Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Extinction Limits of Non-premixed Methane– and Ethylene–Air Counterflow Flames

Chu,

Scialabba,

Liu

et al. 2023

Energy Fuels

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The global extinction limits of non-premixed nitrogen/ammonia-substituted methane− and ethylene−air counterflow flames were experimentally evaluated. In comparison to nitrogen substitution, ammonia substitution reduced the extinction strain rates more. Measurements of OH* chemiluminescence, of which the intensity correlates with extinction limits, suggest that ammonia substitution reduces OH* production. The effects of transport, thermal and chemical properties on flame extinction of the ammonia-substituted flames were assessed, and it was found that their lower extinction limits were due to reactions that consume radicals, which hinder the chain-branching reactions. To mimic the effect of exhaust gas recirculation on the extinction limits of ammonia-substituted flames, carbon dioxide was added to the oxidizer stream. Lower extinction limits were observed with carbon dioxide addition as a result of thermal and chemical effects. Carbon dioxide addition lowered flame temperatures and, like ammonia substitution, introduced reactions that consume radicals. Nitric oxide (NO) production was quantitatively analyzed by simulations. It was found that, for ammonia flames, NO production was promoted by ammonia oxidation with OH, whereas for carbon dioxide addition, NO production was suppressed by the reduction of OH production.

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Sensitivity analysis of modeling parameters to soot and PAHs prediction in ethylene inverse diffusion flame

Wu,

Li,

Liu

2023

Sci. China Technol. Sci.

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Experimental and numerical investigation of soot growth and inception in an ammonia-ethylene flame

Cited by 22 publications

References 13 publications

Physical and Chemical Effects of Ammonia on Gas Emissions and Soot Formation in Laminar Coflow Ethylene Diffusion Flames

Physical and Chemical Effects of Ammonia on Gas Emissions and Soot Formation in Laminar Coflow Ethylene Diffusion Flames

Effects of Ammonia Substitution in the Fuel Stream and Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Extinction Limits of Non-premixed Methane– and Ethylene–Air Counterflow Flames

Sensitivity analysis of modeling parameters to soot and PAHs prediction in ethylene inverse diffusion flame

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