“…The shear characteristics of calcareous sand have been extensively studied; it has been observed that particle gradation (Hassanlourad et al, 2014;Rezvani et al, 2021), confining pressure (Fahey, 2021), and particle breakage (Jingping et al, 1997;Zhang and Luo, 2020) have an impact on the shear strength of calcareous sand. For particle gradation, significant attention has been paid to the influence of particle size (Bagherzadeh-Khalkhali and Mirghasemi, 2009;Cao et al, 2020;Kuang et al, 2021), uniformity coefficient (Liang et al, 2022), average particle size (Giang et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2017b), fine particle content (Shen et al, 2021), and particle group content (Ata et al, 2018;Shen et al, 2018;Yang et al, 2020;Fan et al, 2021) on the shear strength of calcareous sand. Chen et al (2022) carried out triaxial shear tests to study the effect of gradation on the particle breakage and mechanical properties of coral sand.…”