Experimental and numerical study of burning behaviors of flaxboard with intumescent coating and nanoparticles in the cone calorimeter and single burning item tests

Zhang, Yaobi; Delichatsios, Michael; McKee, Maurice; Ukleja, Sebastian

doi:10.1002/fam.1114

Cited by 11 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Figure presents the deduced heat flux ratio (as carried out in references ) as a function of the pyrolysis depth at different heat fluxes. Although there are some fluctuations, especially at the start of pyrolysis, the data seem to suggest that the heat flux ratio increases linearly with the pyrolysis depth ( δ ) as expected from typical charring materials . A best fit of the data shows that the following relation is valid Flux ratio = 1 + 4500 δ pyro , independent of the heat flux.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…The authors have previously developed a numerical model for PA6 nanocomposite and further validated against other polymer nanocomposites and flaxboard with intumescent coatings .The fundamental parameter used to characterize the effect of the charring layer formed on top of the unpyrolysed material is a heat flux ratio :

italicFlu x_{ratio} ((), t) = \frac{{\overset{q^{″}}{true}}_{n e t_0}}{{\overset{true˙}{q^{″}}}_{normaln normale normalt} ((), t)}

where

{\overset{true˙}{q^{″}}}_{normaln normale normalt_0}

is the net incoming heat flux on the surface for the case when there is no surface layer, and

{\overset{true˙}{q^{″}}}_{normaln normale normalt} ((), t)

is the actual heat flux at the interface of the surface (nanoparticle) and unpyrolysed depth. The heat flux,

{\overset{true˙}{q^{″}}}_{normaln normale normalt_0}

, can be determined based on the energy balance on the surface, where

{\overset{true˙}{q^{″}}}_{normaln normale normalt} ((), t)

is calculated using a 1d heat transfer numerical model with the pyrolysed depth calculated from the experimental MLR, sample density and surface area .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental investigation and numerical modelling of the fire performance for epoxy resin carbon fibre composites of variable thicknesses

et al. 2016

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Summary This paper applies a unique integrated approach to determine the flammability properties of a composite material (epoxy with carbon fibre) and compares its fire behaviour at two different thicknesses (2.1 and 4.2 mm) by performing small scale (thermo‐gravimetric analysis (TGA)/Fourier transform infrared radiation) and meso‐scale tests (cone calorimeter). For small‐scale tests, experiments were conducted in nitrogen using TGA coupled to gas analysis by Fourier transform infrared radiation. These results allow the determination of thermal stability, main degradation temperature and main gaseous emissions released during the thermal degradation. For meso‐scale tests, experiments were carried out using a cone calorimeter with sample dimensions of 100 × 100 mm at five heat fluxes (30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 kW/m2). The results show that the ignition time increases with an increase in the thickness of the material. Relative hazard classification of the fire performance of the current composites has also been compared with other materials using parameters obtained elsewhere. In addition, the effective ignition, thermal and pyrolysis properties obtained from the ignition and mass loss rate experiments for the 4.2‐mm thick samples were used in a numerical model for pyrolysis to predict well ignition times, back‐surface temperatures and mass pyrolysis rates for all heat fluxes as well as for the 2.1‐mm thick samples. Note that the ignition temperature obtained in the cone agrees with the main degradation temperature in the TGA. The flammability properties deduced here can be used to predict the heat release rate for real fire situations using CFD modelling. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

italicFlu x_{ratio} ((), t) = \frac{{\overset{q^{″}}{true}}_{n e t_0}}{{\overset{true˙}{q^{″}}}_{normaln normale normalt} ((), t)}

where

{\overset{true˙}{q^{″}}}_{normaln normale normalt_0}

is the net incoming heat flux on the surface for the case when there is no surface layer, and

{\overset{true˙}{q^{″}}}_{normaln normale normalt} ((), t)

is the actual heat flux at the interface of the surface (nanoparticle) and unpyrolysed depth. The heat flux,

{\overset{true˙}{q^{″}}}_{normaln normale normalt_0}

, can be determined based on the energy balance on the surface, where

{\overset{true˙}{q^{″}}}_{normaln normale normalt} ((), t)

is calculated using a 1d heat transfer numerical model with the pyrolysed depth calculated from the experimental MLR, sample density and surface area .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental investigation and numerical modelling of the fire performance for epoxy resin carbon fibre composites of variable thicknesses

et al. 2016

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“…This is not significant for fire spread and growth but it can provide the amount of total fuel load in a fully developed fire. This quantity can be measured in the Cone Calorimeter or in TGA in Nitrogen with experiments showing that these quantities so measured have close values [22]. Values for this parameter are not presented in this paper but are included in other publications for the materials examined in this work.…”

Section: Mass Residuementioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have developed a systematic way of achieving this goal [18][19][20][21][22][23] by performing experiments in micro-scale (TGA/FTIR/MDSC/ATR), meso-scale (Tube Furnace, atmospheric cone, Universal Flammability Apparatus-controlled oxidizer) and larger scale such as the SBI and ISO Room tests. Specifically, we have used the micro-scale tests to extract flammability and toxicity material properties, which through material pyrolysis and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) gaseous combustion modelling, have been applied to predict the fire behaviour in the meso-scale tests (Tube Furnace, Cone Calorimeters) and then, to predict the fire behaviour in larger scale tests such as the SBI corner and the ISO room configuration.…”

Section: Parameters Used For Characterising the Fire Performance Of Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fundamental flame spread and toxicity evaluation of fire retarded polymers

Suzanne¹,

Ukleja²,

Delichatsios³

et al. 2014

Fire Saf. Sci.

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A simple method is developed for characterizing the fire performance and toxicity of polymers using basically three but up to five parameters if necessary. The first parameter is related to fire spread and growth (corresponding to UL-94 and the FIGRA of SBI), the second parameter is the smoke yield (corresponding to the SMOGRA of SBI), the third parameter is the inefficiency of combustion (related to unburned hydrocarbon compounds and their toxicity as verified by tube furnace measurements), the fourth parameter is the mass of residue remaining and the fifth parameter is a heat release parameter for thermally thin conditions (the maximum mass loss rate in TGA multiplied by the effective heat of combustion deduced from the Cone Calorimeter tests). The developed methodology was used to compare brominated and halogen free fire retardants in formulations of PBT, PA66, PPE/HIPS and PC/ABS. It is confirmed that the studied environmentally friendly alternatives to brominated fire retardants offer comparable fire performance with lower toxicity.

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“…Several attempts have also been made to address the shortcomings of furnace testing on reactive coatings using cone calorimeters [11,12,13,14]. These studies used cone calorimeter tests to determine thermal properties of the intumescent coating under a range of constant incident heat fluxes.…”

Section: Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Testing to Study the Performance of Intumescent Coatings under Non-Standard Heating Regimes

Elliott¹,

Temple²,

Maluk³

et al. 2014

Fire Saf. Sci.

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Intumescent coatings (also called reactive coatings) are widely used to protect structural steel from fire. These thin coatings swell on heating to form a highly insulating char, protecting steel members and preventing them from reaching critical temperatures that could cause them to fail. As is the case for most structural materials and assemblies, intumescent coatings for use in buildings are typically developed and certified solely according to the standard cellulosic fire resistance test by exposure within a fire testing furnace. Reliance on furnace testing is expensive, non-representative of realistic fire conditions, and insufficiently versatile to gather detailed performance information on the response of reactive coatings under the full range of design fires which might be considered during a rational, performance-based design assessment. This paper presents a novel testing methodology for studying the performance of reactive coatings when subjected to non-standard heating regimes. The new approach is calibrated and validated using furnace test data, and is shown to offer considerable advantages over furnace testing in terms of reliability, repeatability, versatility, speed and cost. An investigation is then presented to study the effective variable thermal conductivity of a commercially available reactive coating when subjected to various timehistories of heat flux. It is shown that the heating rate and dry film thickness of the coating do not drastically affect the development of effective thermal conductivity with substrate temperature, leading to a proposal for a simplified method for specifying coating requirements and/or performing heat transfer design calculations when designing to non-standard heating regimes.

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Experimental and numerical study of burning behaviors of flaxboard with intumescent coating and nanoparticles in the cone calorimeter and single burning item tests

Cited by 11 publications

References 28 publications

Experimental investigation and numerical modelling of the fire performance for epoxy resin carbon fibre composites of variable thicknesses

Experimental investigation and numerical modelling of the fire performance for epoxy resin carbon fibre composites of variable thicknesses

Fundamental flame spread and toxicity evaluation of fire retarded polymers

Novel Testing to Study the Performance of Intumescent Coatings under Non-Standard Heating Regimes

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