“…However, with a prolonged stay in space, the functional characteristics of PI materials are significantly reduced. The impact of the space environment, which can damage polymeric materials including PI materials, includes electron and proton radiation, vacuum ultraviolet radiation, temperature effects, and atomic oxygen in low Earth orbit (Pavlenko et al, 2013(Pavlenko et al, , 2019Gao et al, 2017;Cherkashina and Pavlenko, 2018a;Zhang, 2021a). Irradiation of PI with protons and electrons can lead to ionization and displacement effects, inducing structural damage and property degradation in polymeric materials (Li et al, 2007;Yue et al, 2016).…”