Carbohydrate
recognition is crucial for biological processes ranging
from development to immune system function to host–pathogen
interactions. The proteins that bind glycans are faced with a daunting
task: to coax these hydrophilic species out of water and into a binding
site. Here, we examine the forces underlying glycan recognition by
proteins. Our previous bioinformatic study of glycan-binding sites
indicated that the most overrepresented side chains are electron-rich
aromatic residues, including tyrosine and tryptophan. These findings
point to the importance of CH−π interactions for glycan
binding. Studies of CH−π interactions show a strong dependence
on the presence of an electron-rich π system, and the data indicate
binding is enhanced by complementary electronic interactions between
the electron-rich aromatic ring and the partial positive charge of
the carbohydrate C–H protons. This electronic dependence means
that carbohydrate residues with multiple aligned highly polarized
C–H bonds, such as β-galactose, form strong CH−π
interactions, whereas less polarized residues such as α-mannose
do not. This information can guide the design of proteins to recognize
sugars and the generation of ligands for proteins, small molecules,
or catalysts that bind sugars.