Experimental and Visual Analysis of Proppant-Slickwater Flow in a Large-Scaled Rough Fracture

Abstract

Summary Understanding proppant transport and distribution in hydraulic fractures is crucial to designing and optimizing hydraulic fracturing treatments in the field. The actual fracture surfaces are typically rough and form a tortuous pathway, significantly affecting proppant migration. However, many rough models are very small in size, and some have only one rough surface. Thus, it is inadequate to display proppant transport behaviors and placement laws. This study proposed a novel method to develop large-scale rough panels reproduced from actual hydraulic fractures. A large transparent slot (2×0.3 m) was successfully constructed to simulate a shear fracture with 5 mm relative displacement of two matched surfaces. Six kinds of proppants were selected to study the effects of particle density and size. Four types of slickwater were prepared to achieve viscous diversity. A high-resolution particle image velocimetry (PIV) system detected the instantaneous velocity and vector fields in the rough pathway to understand particle transport behaviors. The specific parametric study includes a quantitative analysis of the proppant bed profile, equilibrium height, coverage area, injection pressure, and volumes of proppant settled in the slot and outlet tank. Also, five tests are carried out in the smooth slot, which has the same size as the rough slot. The test results demonstrate that the narrow rough fracture would significantly hinder particle transport, especially in the horizontal direction. The proppant bed is higher and closer to the inlet than that in the smooth model. Particles mixed with highly viscous slickwater easily aggregate in the two-sided rough model and gradually form finger-like regions at the lower part of the inlet. The unstable flow and vortices can disperse aggregated particles and avoid particle clogging. Proppants injected at the high volume fraction are prone to settle quickly and build up a higher bed contact with the inlet, leading to more considerable injection pressure. Perforation blockage often occurred in the rough model, and the near-wellbore screenout was induced as the bed blocked all perforations. Enhancing the fluid carrying capacity and using smaller proppant help avoid perforation blockage and improve far-field fracture conductivity. Two correlations were developed to predict the equilibrium height and coverage area of the proppant bed. The experimental results and laws provide novel understandings that can help optimize hydraulic fracturing design and treatment by rationally selecting proppant and fracturing fluid to improve the productivity in tight reservoirs.

Impact of Viscoelasticity on Sand-Carrying Ability of Viscous Slickwater and Its Sand-Carrying Threshold in Hydraulic Fractures

“…The sand-carrying experiment was conducted using a visualized rough fracture model for observing sand migration [19]. The model consists of a flow meter, a mixing tank, a visualized rough fracture model, a centrifugal pump, and a camera.…”