Experimental Application of Bluetooth Low Energy Connectionless in Smart Cities

García-Ortiz, Juan Carlos; Silvestre-Blanes, Javier; Sempere-Payá, Víctor

doi:10.3390/electronics10222735

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…Advertising packet data can only be transmitted on an advertising channel, and the payload of an advertising packet is no more than 31 bytes, as shown in Figure 2. BLE 5.0 defines the three advertising channels 37, 38, and 39 as primary advertising channels, and the 0-36 data channels as secondary advertising channels [22]. Secondary advertising channels can also be used to transmit advertising data.…”

Section: System Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

A BLE 5.0 Extended Advertising Backscatter with Commodity Devices in Passive IoT Scenarios

Li,

Yuan,

et al. 2024

Electronics

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BLE-based (Bluetooth Low Energy-based) backscatter has received considerable attention, as it aims to communicate with everyday smart devices such as smartphones, smartwatches, and tablets in passive IoT. The state-of-the-art BLE backscatter systems enable communication using a specialized continuous wave (CW) generator or entirely using commodity BLE 4.0 radios as an RF source. However, the existing BLE communication systems suffer from several key issues, including a short carrier length and a large frequency shift. This paper presents a passive BLE (PBLE) backscatter communication system that utilizes commodity BLE 5.0 radios. The system uses a BLE 5.0 extended advertising packet with partial single tones as excitations transmitting on the secondary advertising channel of BLE 5.0, and the BLE backscatter tag produces bandpass frequency-shift keying modulation at 1 Mb/s, which enables compatibility with BLE advertising channels. The prototype is implemented using an NRF52832 BLE 5.0 commodity chip, smart devices, and tags with FPGAS and chips. In FPGA board-level verification, when the downlink distance is 0.5 m, the uplink distance can reach 10 m. In chip testing, the uplink distance can reach 7 m when the downlink distance is 1 m. The baseband power consumption is 2 μW, with a total power consumption of 10 μW. This system eliminates the need for expensive and costly specialized RF sources, unlike the BLE backscatter communication system that uses a specialized CW generator. Compared to the BLE backscatter communication system that uses commodity BLE 4.0 radios, this system reduces the minimum frequency shift from 24 MHz to 2 MHz and increases the length of the single tones as a CW by a factor of about seven, from 31 bytes to 254 bytes.

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Section: System Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

A BLE 5.0 Extended Advertising Backscatter with Commodity Devices in Passive IoT Scenarios

Li,

Yuan,

et al. 2024

Electronics

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“…With the increasing demand for the Internet-of-Things (IoT), Bluetooth Low-Energy (BLE) has become a popular solution for short-range communication of wireless applications, such as wearable devices, sensor monitoring platforms, and smart cities [1][2][3][4][5]. However, due to the limitations of application scenarios, BLE devices often have the characteristics of small volume and are easy to carry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Low-Power ADPLL with Calibration-Free RO-Based Injection-Locking TDC for BLE Applications

et al. 2022

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This paper proposes a low-power all-digital phase-locked loop (ADPLL) with calibration-free ring oscillator (RO)-based injection-locking time to digital converter (TDC) for BLE applications. The RO is reused as the delay cell of TDC, and the quantization step of TDC is always tracked with the RO period; hence no calibration is needed in this architecture. We adopt RO tuning to lower the injection-locking bandwidth so as to decrease the power consumption of the injection current. Moreover, the fractional part of phase error detection is turned down in the coarse tuning of ADPLL to save power. An LC-based digital-controlled oscillator (LCDCO) with a 6.4 nH inductor and a resistive bias is used to have a low power and better phase noise performance. The ADPLL is fabricated in 40 nm CMOS with a 1 V supply and consumes 1.4 mW when it is locked. The measured phase noise is −114 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset. The test results show significant power saving. Thus, it can be a promising candidate for BLE applications.

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Evaluation of BLE beacon technology for time critical I2V communication to support CAV deployment on urban roadways

Manasreh,

Swaleh,

Nazzal

2023

Internet of Things

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Experimental Application of Bluetooth Low Energy Connectionless in Smart Cities

Cited by 7 publications

References 24 publications

A BLE 5.0 Extended Advertising Backscatter with Commodity Devices in Passive IoT Scenarios

A BLE 5.0 Extended Advertising Backscatter with Commodity Devices in Passive IoT Scenarios

A Low-Power ADPLL with Calibration-Free RO-Based Injection-Locking TDC for BLE Applications

Evaluation of BLE beacon technology for time critical I2V communication to support CAV deployment on urban roadways

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