“…The substantial progress in understanding intracellular Salmonella metabolism is encouraging, but one crucial, previously neglected aspect is just emerging. All experimental and in silico methods are based on population averages, but recent work has shown extensive heterogeneity between infected host cells and individual Salmonella cells in terms of microenvironments, stress, gene expression, overall metabolic activities, growth rates, and cell fates (Bumann, ; Helaine & Kugelberg, ; Knodler, ; Kreibich & Hardt, ; Mills & Avraham, ; Saliba & Vogel, ). Differential nutrient access seems to cause heterogeneous Salmonella growth rates during systemic infection in vivo, with important consequences for disease progression and tolerance against antimicrobial chemotherapy (Claudi et al, ).…”