Experimental Assessment of Emission Factors from Fires in the Built Environment Including Scaling Effects

Åström, Joakim; McNamee, Margaret; Truchot, Benjamin; Marlair, Guy; Hees, Patrick Van

doi:10.1007/s10694-023-01440-5

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 48 publications

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“…These substances, together with aerosol particles, can be transported over thousands of kilometers. Studies of the migration of heavy metals, PAHs, and radionuclides during forest fires are devoted mainly to the composition of smoke aerosols [31][32][33][34][35]. However, it is possible to obtain valuable information about the behavior of these elements not only "outside" but also "inside" the ecosystem using land-based techniques.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wildfires’ Effect on Soil Properties and Bacterial Biodiversity of Postpyrogenic Histic Podzols (Middle Taiga, Komi Republic)

Chebykina,

Abakumov,

Kimeklis

et al. 2024

Forests

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Data on the main properties of Histic Podzols in the pine forests of semi-hydromorphic landscapes in the middle taiga of the Komi Republic after forest fires are presented. A decrease in topsoil horizon thickness by more than 7.6 times, an increase in litter density by 6 times, and a decrease in litter stock by 4 times were observed in postfire soil. There was an increase in carbon content in the pyrogenic horizon (48%) and in the upper part of the podzolic horizon—from 0.49 at the control plot to 1.16% after the fire. The accumulation of all studied trace metals (Cu—from 2.5 to 6.8 mg × kg−1; Zn—from 35.7 to 127.4 mg × kg−1; Ni—from 2.2 to 8.1 mg × kg−1; Pb—from 1.4 to 28.3 mg × kg−1; Cd—from 0.3 to 1.1 mg × kg−1) in soils after wildfires was recorded. The effect of the fire can be traced to a depth of approximately 20–30 cm. A significant influence of the pyrogenic factor on the alpha and beta bacterial diversity was noted. The bacterial response to a forest fire can be divided into an increased proportion of spore-forming and Gram-negative species with complex metabolism as well.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wildfires’ Effect on Soil Properties and Bacterial Biodiversity of Postpyrogenic Histic Podzols (Middle Taiga, Komi Republic)

Chebykina,

Abakumov,

Kimeklis

et al. 2024

Forests

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Characterisation of fire smoke emissions from fire retardant wood

Arinaitwe,

Rex,

Wilkens

et al. 2024

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Fire retardants are extensively used to reduce the flammability (combustibility) of wood–based construction materials in an effort to improve fire safety of buildings. However, little is known of the composition and potential risks to human health of smoke emissions produced from combustion of fire retardant treated wood. To help understand the risk to human health, fire smoke emissions produced from three different wood materials; wood without fire retardant, fire retardant wood, and aged fire retardant wood were analysed. The materials were exposed to a heat flux of 50 kW/m2 in a cone calorimeter according to ISO standard 5660-1. The fire gases and soot, measured as equivalent black carbon (eBC), produced were quantified using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and an aethalometer, respectively. Our findings show that fire retardant wood produces substantially less soot mass than non-fire-retardant wood. However, the fire retardant wood produces more toxic gases, e.g. HCl, than both the wood without fire retardant and aged fire retardant wood.

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Complex Battery Storage Fire Propagation Translational Forensic Study Using Cellular Automata

Roghani,

Braxtan,

Chen

et al. 2024

Applied Sciences

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The surge in lithium-ion battery (LIB) use, essential for mass-scale renewable energy storage, raises concerns about fire hazards. However, to date, there is a lack of industry-wide understanding of large-scale LIB fire propagation. This paper suggests a translational forensic approach to promote fire safety awareness and introduces the cellular automata (CA) model coupled with the Monte Carlo (MC) approach to address the complex fire propagation simulation within an energy storage system (ESS). The objective is to demonstrate that the CA-MC model can provide a flexible and scalable connection for all levels of battery fire studies. The numerical model is coupled with experimental tests which have been performed to establish the actual timing of fire propagation from a single source. Cellular automata simulation, conducted through hybrid modeling and an applied risk analysis approach to evaluate fire hazards associated with LIBs, offers crucial insights into potential risks. The results demonstrate that, with fire incident initiation at a probability of 0.1 (10%), 33% of batteries will burn, and at a probability of 0.6 (60%) and beyond, the entire battery module will face complete burndown. Achieving full combustion of the entire module will take only approximately 42 timesteps on average, indicating rapid fire propagation. The actual time for a complete fire to occur in the battery module has been estimated to be 304 s per timestep, or 3.5 h total. Using this example, it is shown that the CA-MC approach can be extended to many other aspects of battery fire studies and is ideal as a translational tool, spanning all domains of the LIB industry.

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Experimental Assessment of Emission Factors from Fires in the Built Environment Including Scaling Effects

Cited by 3 publications

References 48 publications

Wildfires’ Effect on Soil Properties and Bacterial Biodiversity of Postpyrogenic Histic Podzols (Middle Taiga, Komi Republic)

Wildfires’ Effect on Soil Properties and Bacterial Biodiversity of Postpyrogenic Histic Podzols (Middle Taiga, Komi Republic)

Characterisation of fire smoke emissions from fire retardant wood

Complex Battery Storage Fire Propagation Translational Forensic Study Using Cellular Automata

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