Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Inhibited by Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction via Th2 Cytokine Enhancement

Abstract

Background: Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu decoction (HQGZWW) exhibits good effects when administered to treat multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Understanding the precise mechanism of this decoction is thus important. Based on the findings of our previous study, the aim of the present study was to understand the role of antigen-specific CD8+ T-cells on the pathogenesis of MS/EAE when HQGZWW is administered as treatment. Methods: Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35-55-induced mice were administered distilled water, prednisone, and high dose or low dose HQGZWW. After purified CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells were stimulated with the MOG35-55 peptide, proliferation and cytokine secretion assays were performed. To establish the adoptive transfer EAE model, naïve mice were injected with MOG35-55 - CD8+ or CD4+ T-cells. Results: Significant improvements in EAE score and pathology were observed in the high dose HQGZWW and prednisone groups. Compared to the low dose HQGZWW and distilled water groups, lower antigen-specific responses, lower levels of interferon-gamma, and higher levels of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 from CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were observed in the high dose HQGZWW and prednisone groups. Finally, the EAE score was observed to be similar between the high dose HQGZWW group and prednisone group; however, this finding was not observed in the low dose HQGZWW group. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that high dose HQGZWW has similar effects on cell proliferation, cytokine secretion, and EAE score to prednisone, while low dose HQGZWW does not have such effect. The protective role of HQGZWW against EAE might thus depend on the Th2 cytokine secretion profile induced by either MOG35-55 specific CD8+ or CD4+ T-cells.

A study on the level of NLRP3 inflammasome in patients with premature rupture of membranes

“…Pyroptosis, a specific type of programmed cell death, comes into play when the integrity of the cell membrane is compromised, leading to the release of inflammatory substances. This process is activated in response to either pathogenic infections or the stimulation of danger signals 22,23 . Pyroptosis hinges on the development of the NLRP3 inflammatory complex, which initiates an inflammatory cascade resulting in the secretion and release of IL‐1 and IL‐18.…”

The efficacy of vancomycin-loaded biphasic calcium phosphate bone substitute in the promotion of new bone growth and the prevention of postoperative infection

“…Similar results were observed when implanting a vancomycin-loaded calcium phosphate-calcium sulfate composite in rats with infection, in which new bone formation as well as the inhibition of bacterial growth occurred ( Boyle et al, 2019 ). In addition, vancomycin-loaded HAp has been shown to effectively treat chronic osteomyelitis in a rabbit model after treatment for three or 4 weeks ( Shirtliff et al, 2002 ; Joosten et al, 2004 ; Peng et al, 2021 ). Therefore, whether vancomycin-loaded Bicera™ can treat or even prevent infection in vivo requires further investigation.…”

Role of autoreactive Tc17 cells in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

“…The cell suspensions were prepared in 0.2 mL of phosphate-buffered saline, as described previously. 4,5,54 2.9 | Histological study Spinal cord sections were prepared from tissues collected from tEAE animals. 4,5,54 Spinal cord tissues were fixed in 4% ice-cold paraformaldehyde/methanol solution and embedded in paraffin before being sectioned (5-mm-thick) using a microtome for staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Luxol fast blue (LFB).…”

“…1,2 In the past few decades, MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) have been recognized as typical CD4 + T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. 3 Multiple studies, including our previous research, have demonstrated the involvement of CD8 + T cells in different stages of MS/EAE 4,5 and have shown that the number of CD8 + T cells is greater than that of CD4 + T cells in the brain lesion area, perivascular cuff, and white matter area. 3,6 Given their critical role in the pathogenesis of MS, CD8 + T cells may be a significant target for MS/EAE treatment.…”