Experimental characterisation of textile compaction response: A benchmark exercise

Yong, A.X.H.; Aktas, A.; May, David; Endruweit, A.; Lomov, Stepan Vladimirovitch; Advani, Suresh G.; Hubert, Pascal; Abaimov, Sergey G.; Abliz, Dilmurat; Akhatov, Iskander; Ali, Muhammad A.; Allaoui, Samir; Allen, Tom; Bickerton, Simon; Caglar, Baris; Causse, Philippe; Chiminelli, A.; Comas-Cardona, Sébastien; Danzi, Mario; Dittmann, Jörg; Dransfeld, Clemens; Ermanni, Paolo; Fauster, Ewald; George, Andrew; Gillibert, Jean; Govignon, Quentin; Graupner, Robert; Grishaev, Viktor; Guilloux, Antonin; Kabachi, Ayyoub; Keller, A.; Kind, K.; Large, D.; Laspalas, Manuel; Lebedev, O. V.; Lizaranzu, M.; Long, A.C.; López, C.; Masania, Kunal; Michaud, Véronique; Middendorf, Peter; Mitscháng, Peter; Oosterom, Simon J. van; Schubnel, R.; Sharp, Nathan; Sousa, Pedro J.; Trochu, F.; Umer, Rehan; Valette, J.; Wang, J.H.

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.106243

Cited by 30 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…[13,14] At a given pressure, a higher compaction can be achieved by repeatedly loading and unloading the reinforcement or by lubricating the fibers with a liquid. [15,16] Empirical power models of compaction were also adopted by Hammami and Gebart, [17] Yong et al, [18] Correia et al, [19] and Modi et al [20,21] among others, who characterized the compaction and relaxation of fiber beds in rigid tools between two plates. Note that more precise techniques such as stereo-photogrammetry and digital image correlation (DIC) were also used by Govignon et al [22] and Vilà et al, [23] respectively to characterize preform compaction and relaxation in real processing conditions.…”

Section: Compression and Expansion Of The Fibrous Reinforcementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous characterization of preform expansion and permeability in vacuum assisted resin infusion

et al. 2022

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Vacuum assisted resin infusion (VARI) is a composite manufacturing process, in which a fibrous reinforcement is laid out in a mold, and then sealed under a vacuum bag. The preform is compressed under vacuum and a liquid polymer resin is infused into the mold cavity. A characterization of compressibility and permeability is required to get accurate predictions of infusion times and thickness of final parts. A new experimental methodology is developed to simultaneously characterize the preform expansion and permeability of fibrous reinforcements during infusion. It is implemented in a one‐dimensional rectangular workbench by impregnating the preform with silicone oil. Pressure sensors measure the liquid pressure, and the reinforcement thickness is acquired by linear variable displacement transducers (LVDTs). The flow rate is also recorded with a scale. The expansion of the wetted reinforcement and permeability can be modeled by power laws as a function of pressure and fiber volume content, respectively. For isotropic preforms, a single experiment provides all the information needed to simulate the flow and predict the infusion time, the thickness and pressure. To validate this new characterization approach, the results of two infusions are successfully compared with numerical simulations.

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Section: Compression and Expansion Of The Fibrous Reinforcementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous characterization of preform expansion and permeability in vacuum assisted resin infusion

et al. 2022

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“…If the compaction behaviour of textiles is well documented for different reinforcement architectures, such as woven, NCF, etc. [25][26][27][28][29][30], few studies have been conducted on nonwovens. The compaction behaviour of the rCF nonwoven multilayers is identified in the present study.…”

Section: Compaction Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By considering the capacity of the load cell and sample dimension, the pressure measurement is performed, with an accuracy of 0.39 bar. The thickness of the specimen is measured by the crosshead displacement reading after subtracting the compliance of the tensile machine (denoted C in Equation ( 2)), as mentioned in [25][26][27][28][29][30]. All samples are tested on the same machine, using the same thickness measurement technique, which can establish a comparison between them.…”

Section: Compaction Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…with A w as the areal density of one layer (g/m 2 ), N the number of stacked layers, ρ f is the density of fibre (g/m 3 ), h 0 the initial cavity height (m), d the crosshead displacement (m), F is the machine load (N), and C is the machine compliance (m/N). The evolution of the fibre volume fraction and of the thickness per layer with the pressure is analysed, as described in [26][27][28].…”

Section: Compaction Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of the Fibre Orientation Distribution on the Mechanical and Preforming Behaviour of Nonwoven Preform Made of Recycled Carbon Fibres

Ivars

Labanieh

Soulat

2021

Fibers

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Recycling carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP) and recovering high-cost carbon fibre (CF) is a preoccupation of scientific and industrial committees due to the environmental and economic concerns. A commercialised nonwoven mat, made of recycled carbon fibre and manufactured using carding and needle-punching technology, can promote second-life opportunities for carbon fibre. This paper aims to evaluate the mechanical and preforming behaviour of this nonwoven material. We focus on the influence that the fibre orientation distribution in the nonwoven material has on its mechanical and preforming behaviour at the preform scale, as well as the tensile properties at composite scale. The anisotropy index induced by fibre orientation is evaluated by analysing SEM micrographs using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) method. Then, the anisotropy in the tensile, bending, and preforming behaviour of the preform is inspected, as well as in the tensile behaviour of the composite. Additionally, we evaluate the impact of the stacking order of multi-layers of the nonwoven material, associated with its preferred fibre orientation (nonwoven anisotropy), on its compaction behaviour. The nonwoven anisotropy, in terms of fibre orientation, induces a strong effect on the preform mechanical and preforming behaviour, as well as the tensile behaviour of the composite. The tensile behaviour of the nonwoven material is governed by the inter-fibre cohesion, which depends on the fibre orientation. The low inter-fibre cohesion, which characterises this nonwoven material, leads to poor resistance to tearing. This type of defect rapidly occurs during preforming, even at too-low membrane tension. Otherwise, the increase in nonwoven layer numbers leads to a decrease in the impact of the nonwoven anisotropy behaviour under compaction load.

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“…Even after decades of performing characterisation tests on the textile compaction response, the tests are not standardised. A benchmark study 11 showed a large variation in the final compaction pressure for the different participants of the benchmark exercise.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the compaction behaviour of a quasi-unidirectional non-crimp fabric during the vacuum infusion process

Droste¹,

Krishnappa

Bornemann

et al. 2022

Journal of Composite Materials

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The compaction behaviour of technical textiles such as non-crimp fabrics (NCF) is of much interest to build high quality parts in liquid composite moulding processes (LCM). In this paper, the compaction response of a glass fibre NCF was investigated in two different ways: (1) characterisation tests via a universal testing machine and (2) height measurements via a line laser measurement unit during the infusion process. Results from both measurement systems are compared and it is found that the results of characterisation tests via testing machine can be used only to a certain extent. The pressure-thickness correlation during the infusion process cannot be described by the results of the testing machine, while the compaction results before and after the infusion process are in good agreement for both the methods. With the data of the line laser measurement, a model for the pressure-thickness correlation is derived, which can be used in future simulations. The infusion process was carried out using different scenarios at the vent, on the one hand a semi-permeable membrane and on the other hand an omega profile at the venting port. The results obtained using these two different venting scenarios were compared and it was found that using a semi-permeable membrane as an outlet can lead to thicker parts (up to 10 %).

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Experimental characterisation of textile compaction response: A benchmark exercise

Cited by 30 publications

References 14 publications

Simultaneous characterization of preform expansion and permeability in vacuum assisted resin infusion

Simultaneous characterization of preform expansion and permeability in vacuum assisted resin infusion

Effect of the Fibre Orientation Distribution on the Mechanical and Preforming Behaviour of Nonwoven Preform Made of Recycled Carbon Fibres

Investigation of the compaction behaviour of a quasi-unidirectional non-crimp fabric during the vacuum infusion process

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